Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives
The Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives (JIP) is a scholarly publication that embraces both multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches. It operates as a peer-reviewed, open-access journal available in both printed and online formats. It is published monthly by TWR Book Publishing Services, Compostela, Cebu, Philippines. JIP is indexed and archived in platforms that enhance both visibility and credibility. All articles are registered with Crossref and assigned DOIs for stable citation and linking. We are indexed in Google Scholar, Scilit, and Philippine E-Journals (PEJ), ensuring accessibility to both local and international researchers. It is also listed in ROAD and indexed by BASE, expanding our reach through global academic search platforms. Additionally, in compliance with the Legal Deposit Law, print copies are submitted to the National Library of the Philippines for national archiving. Acceptance rate (January–March 2026): 12.68% (based on editorial decisions on submitted manuscripts during the period) Authors interested in submitting a manuscript to JIP are advised to read the Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement and follow the Submission Guidelines. P-ISSN: 2984-8288 E-ISSN: 2984-8385
Examining Awareness and Application of Green Sustainable Practices in Sagada’s Accommodation Sector
The accommodation industry plays a vital role in the global economy but is associated with high resource consumption and environmental impact, particularly in remote destinations where infrastructure is limited. This study examined the level of awareness and extent of application of green sustainable practices among accommodation providers in Sagada, Mountain Province, and evaluated the relationship between the two. Using a descriptive-correlational design, data were collected from 168 respondents. Key findings revealed a high level of awareness across waste management, energy conservation, and water conservation practices. It showed waste management as the highest in terms of extent of application; however, it was only moderate in energy and water conservation, indicating practical and infrastructural constraints. The study revealed a strong positive relationship between awareness and application. The findings suggest that while awareness is widespread among accommodation providers in this remote area, translating that knowledge into practice remains a challenge. Integration of sustainable systems into planning and decision-making, and strengthening institutional support, can help achieve long-term sustainability and enhance the effective application of green practices in the accommodation sector.
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The Emergence of Digital Transformation: Mapping Research Trends Through Bibliometric Analysis
Digital transformation has quickly become one of the most influential forces shaping organizations and societies in the 21st century. What began as a focus on digitization and IT adoption has evolved into a broader conversation about strategy, culture, and resilience. This study employs bibliometric analysis to examine the emergence of digital transformation as a research domain, drawing on a dataset of publications from 2010 to 2024. Through co-citation and co-occurrence techniques, the analysis identifies influential works, thematic clusters, and evolving research streams. The results highlight seven co-citation clusters, ranging from organizational behavior and resource-based perspectives to innovation ecosystems, automation, and servitization. Complementary keyword analysis reveals five clusters that emphasize technological foundations, strategic management, human capital, customer experience, and societal implications. Together, these findings demonstrate that digital transformation is a deeply interdisciplinary field, encompassing management, economics, information systems, and the social sciences. The study underscores both opportunities, such as innovation, agility, and competitiveness, and challenges, including inequality, labor market disruption, and fragmented definitions. Through its bibliometric mapping, this study addresses a research gap in the field's conceptual evolution across disciplines, while providing practical implications for managers to align technological innovation with human capital and for policymakers to ensure equitable, resilient digital frameworks. By clarifying conceptual boundaries and mapping intellectual trajectories, this research consolidates digital transformation as a coherent field, highlighting underexplored intersections with sustainability, inclusivity, and resilience, and providing guidance for future scholarship and practice.
The Role of School Leadership in Strengthening Teacher Loyalty
School leadership shapes teachers’ motivation, retention, and willingness to go beyond compliance, which makes it a practical lever for improving school performance in resource-constrained systems. However, Philippine evidence that links specific National Competency-Based Standards for School Heads-aligned leadership domains to the three components of teacher commitment in terms of affective, continuance, and normative remains limited, especially in public secondary schools outside major urban centers. This study examined the extent to which school heads’ leadership practices predict teachers’ organizational commitment among public secondary teachers in Northern Luzon, Philippines. Using a quantitative descriptive–correlational–predictive design, 275 teachers from five public secondary schools completed an adapted leadership practices questionnaire and the Meyer and Allen organizational commitment scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson r, and linear regression were used to analyze the data. Results indicate that teachers perceived leadership practices as strong overall, with instructional support rated comparatively lower than systems alignment and ethics-related practices. Teachers reported generally strong commitment, but their attachment tended to be driven more by continuance and normative considerations than by affective connection. Leadership practices showed a moderate positive association with overall commitment and significantly predicted commitment, with stronger effects on affective and normative commitment. These findings suggest that targeted leadership development, particularly in instructional supervision, ethical decision-making, and stakeholder collaboration, can strengthen teacher loyalty and support retention-oriented school improvement and policy initiatives.
Marian Devotion and Psychological Resilience Among Mother Devotees: A Phenomenological Study of the Turumba Devotion in Quezon, Philippines
This phenomenological study addresses the limited qualitative research on the relationship between Marian devotion and psychological resilience by examining how Turumba, a culturally rooted Marian practice in Dolores, Quezon, shapes the coping experiences of Filipino mothers. It explores how faith-related components—safety, satisfaction, connectivity, openness, and mortality awareness—are reflected in their lived experiences. Using in-depth, semi-structured interviews with n = 16 purposively selected mother devotees, the data were analyzed thematically. Findings indicate that key themes included perceived spiritual protection, strengthened communal belonging, and faith oriented perseverance. Participants described interpreting personal and family difficulties through religious meaning-making processes that supported emotional regulation and adaptive coping. These results suggest that Marian devotion operates as a culturally embedded psychosocial resource that contributes to resilience and perceived well being among participants. The study underscores the relevance of contextualized religious practices for understanding culturally situated coping systems. It highlights their potential value for psychosocial support frameworks that involve women in faith-centered communities.
Development and Validation of Learning Intervention Material in Adding and Subtracting Integers Using Modified ADDIE Model
Persistent challenges in learning integer operations continue to hinder foundational numeracy among Filipino learners, as evidenced in both classroom assessments and national learning indicators. While several instructional programs exist, there remains a lack of systematically designed and validated intervention materials that directly address the most common misconceptions in integer addition and subtraction. This gap limits teachers’ ability to remediate conceptual errors using evidence-based tools. The present study aimed to develop, validate, and evaluate a contextualized learning intervention material—the COCO-Abacus—to strengthen Grade 7 learners’ understanding of integer operations. Guided by a modified ADDIE model, the study employed a developmental research design integrating needs analysis, expert validation, classroom implementation, and evaluation. Data collection involved an established integer operations test, a content validation instrument, and a learner motivation survey. Through this process, the intervention was refined and implemented to assess its effectiveness and acceptability. Findings indicated that the COCO-Abacus effectively addressed key misconceptions involving signs, directionality, and zero-pair reasoning. Learners demonstrated improved conceptual understanding and procedural fluency, while experts affirmed the material’s clarity, accuracy, and pedagogical soundness. Learners also reported strong engagement and perceived the material as useful. The study concludes that a representation-rich, manipulative-based approach can meaningfully enhance students’ mastery of integer operations. It is recommended that similar evidence-based materials be integrated into mathematics instruction to strengthen foundational numeracy and support diverse learning needs.
Dynamics of Learning Engagement: A Study of Perceptual Factors and Their Role in Motivational Activity Development
Learning engagement occurs when a student is emotionally engaged and behaves effectively in the learning process. This study explored the factors that are affecting learning engagement from the perspective of tertiary students at a University Institution in Santiago City, Isabela, Philippines. The study employed descriptive research and recruited 487 tertiary students via stratified random sampling. Findings revealed that "sufficient knowledge and information of the professor about the subject", "active presence in class", and "a large number of students in the classroom" were the most important among the factors that influence learning engagement. On the other hand, "monotonous teaching," "drowsiness in the classroom," and "noise pollution" are the identified factors that negatively influence learning engagement. Furthermore, the study elucidates that students do not relate the factors influencing learning engagement to their General Weighted Average (GWA). This study focused on recognizing the importance of learning engagement among tertiary students preparing for their profession. It proposed motivational activities as a basis for designing effective strategies for improving students’ engagement in their education.
From Policy to Governance Practice: An Implementation Assessment of the Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP) in Misamis Oriental, Philippines
This study addresses the limited empirical evidence on the implementation of Local Climate Change Action Plans (LCCAPs) at the municipal level in the Philippines. While LCCAPs are mandated nationwide, few studies systematically examine the institutional and governance factors that influence their effective execution. This study explores how local governments translate climate initiatives into action by assessing the implementation of LCCAPs in nine municipalities of Misamis Oriental, Philippines. Anchored in Policy Implementation Theory, it examines how institutional support, personnel attributes, financial resources, and community participation shape climate resilience at the local level. Using a mixed-methods design, the study gathered data from 72 LCCAP Technical Working Group members and conducted Focus Group Discussions. Spearman’s Rho revealed strong positive relationships among all variables, with community engagement showing the highest association with successful implementation (ρ = 0.91), followed by institutional robustness (ρ = 0.88), personnel attributes (ρ = 0.77), and funding support (ρ = 0.68). Findings highlight that visionary local leadership and active citizen engagement drive progress in implementation. However, sustaining technical capacity and establishing a dedicated LCCAP office remain key challenges. Strengthening institutional coordination, climate financing mechanisms, and participatory governance can accelerate climate resilient development in Philippine municipalities.
Trust in the Bureau of Internal Revenue, Tax Service Quality, and “SMEs’” Tax Compliance: A Philippine Systematic Scoping Review
This study systematically examines the relationship between Tax Service Quality (TSQ), Trust in the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR), and tax compliance behavior among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Philippines. Drawing upon a review of 33 empirical studies published between 2003 and 2023, the research highlights the critical role of TSQ—encompassing responsiveness, reliability, clarity, and fairness—in reducing administrative burdens and facilitating accurate compliance. Simultaneously, trust in the BIR, reflected in perceptions of transparency, integrity, and institutional reliability, emerges as a key determinant of voluntary tax compliance. Evidence from the literature indicates that trust not only directly influences compliance but also strengthens the positive effects of service quality, suggesting a synergistic relationship between these variables. Contextual factors, including regulatory transparency, organizational readiness, and SMEs’ prior experiences, further moderate these relationships. The study integrates insights from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Trust Theory to explain SMEs’ compliance behavior, emphasizing both cognitive and affective determinants. Findings underscore the need for targeted strategies that enhance service quality while building institutional trust, offering practical implications for policymakers and the BIR to promote voluntary, timely, and accurate tax compliance. This synthesis provides a foundation for future empirical research to develop evidence-based interventions that strengthen SME compliance and improve overall tax administration in the Philippine context.
Influence of Governance Structures on Peacebuilding: Insights from Local Institutions, Corruption Control, and Civil Society
This study analyzes the influence of governance structures on peacebuilding, focusing on institutional arrangements, corruption dynamics, transitional justice, and civil society engagement. Using a qualitative case study design, the research was conducted in Baguio City, Philippines, with 30 members of the Peace and Order Council (POC) as respondents. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed thematically to generate insights into the role of governance in sustaining peace. Findings revealed that governance structures shape peacebuilding outcomes in multiple ways. Decentralization enhances responsiveness and local ownership, centralization ensures uniformity but restricts flexibility, while hybrid and collaborative models foster inclusivity and balance. At the community level, local governance institutions sustain peace through policy support, community participation, and conflict resolution mechanisms. However, corruption emerged as a critical barrier, undermining trust, diverting resources, and weakening institutional credibility. Challenges in transitional justice included governance constraints, political barriers, socio-cultural dynamics, and limited awareness, while civil society organizations were found to strengthen peacebuilding through advocacy, service delivery, mediation, and accountability. The study concludes that sustainable peacebuilding requires governance models that are inclusive, transparent, and accountable, where state institutions, local governments, and civil society actors collaborate effectively. These findings offer important implications for policymakers, practitioners, and scholars designing adaptive governance frameworks to promote long-term peace.
Digital Leadership Practices and Teachers’ Technology Integration in Buluan District, BARMM: A Descriptive-Correlational Study
This study examined the digital leadership practices of school heads in the Buluan District, BARMM, and their relationship with teachers’ integration of technology in instructional practices. Guided by Sheninger’s Digital Leadership Theory and Fred Davis’s Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the study explored how leadership practices are associated with teachers’ technology use based on perceived usefulness and ease of use. Using a quantitative descriptive-correlational design, data were collected from 10 school heads and 160 elementary teachers using the ISTE-based Digital Leadership Scale and the Teacher Technology Integration Survey, both on a 5-point Likert scale. Results showed that school heads demonstrated high digital leadership overall, with comparatively lower scores in visionary leadership and professional excellence. Teachers exhibited moderate technology integration, with instructional use rated high. Correlation analysis revealed a weak, statistically non-significant relationship between school heads’ digital leadership and teachers’ technology integration (τ=0.14, p=.587), suggesting that leadership alone is insufficient to ensure effective classroom technology use. Findings highlight the need for supportive conditions, including ICT infrastructure, professional development, mentoring, and a positive school culture, to enhance technology integration in underserved areas.
Effects of Inadequate Cookery Laboratory on Students’ Practical Performance
This study aimed to determine whether there is a significant difference between Grade 10 students’ perceived effects of inadequate Cookery laboratory facilities and their actual practical performance across key skill areas. Guided by Experiential Learning Theory and Social Cognitive Theory, the study examined the relationship between perceived environmental limitations and objectively assessed competencies. Employing a descriptive–comparative research design, the study involved 43 Grade 10 Cookery students from Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College-Laboratory High School, Tagudin Campus. Data were gathered using a validated perception questionnaire and a standardized performance rubric assessing five skill areas: ingredient preparation, cooking procedures, sanitation and safety, time management, and food presentation and quality. Ethical safeguards were strictly observed, including parental informed consent, student assent, and measures to ensure voluntariness and confidentiality. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze students' perceived effects and performance levels. At the same time, the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was applied to assess differences between perception and actual performance, given the non-normal distribution of the data. Results revealed that students perceived the absence of a Cookery laboratory as having a high impact on their practical performance (M = 3.76). Despite this perception, students demonstrated high to very high levels of practical performance (M = 4.29), particularly in sanitation and safety, time management, and food presentation and quality. Significant differences were observed between perceived effects and actual performance in cooking procedures (p = .004), time management (p < .001), and food presentation and quality (p < .001), indicating that students tended to underestimate their competencies under perceived constraints on the facility. The findings suggest that effective instructional support and guided practice can mitigate the limitations of inadequate laboratory facilities, highlighting the critical role of teaching strategies and adaptable learning environments in sustaining skill development in resource-constrained cookery education contexts.
Hataraku Saibō: Anime-Assisted Instruction on Students’ Performance in Immunology
The research addressed persistent challenges in Philippine science education, specifically complex concepts in Immunology, particularly low achievement and learning loss following the COVID-19 pandemic, by integrating the educational anime Hataraku Saibō (Cells at Work!) into classroom instruction. This study aimed to determine whether anime-assisted instruction improves students’ performance compared with traditional teaching methods. A quasi-experimental design was used involving 60 students, divided into an experimental group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30). Results showed that both groups improved after instruction; however, the anime-assisted group achieved significantly higher post-test scores than the control group (p = 0.048), with a medium effect size, as measured by Cohen’s d. Qualitative findings revealed increased engagement, improved conceptual understanding, and enhanced motivation. The study concludes that anime-assisted instruction can effectively enhance student performance and interest in immunology, suggesting its potential value as a supplementary teaching strategy in science education and supporting the integration of entertainment media into formal curricula to foster more engaging and meaningful learning experiences.
Co-Curricular Involvement and Academic Performance of Basic Education Learners in a Philippine University
Education plays a vital role in the holistic development of learners. However, learning extends beyond the confines of the classroom and occurs in various contexts and experiences. Grounded on Astin’s Theory of Student Involvement (1984), this study examined how students’ investment of time, energy, and commitment in co-curricular activities influences academic performance. Using a correlational research design, 220 learners were selected through stratified random sampling. A validated questionnaire was used to gather data on co-curricular involvement. General Weighted Average (GWA) was obtained through official academic records. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal–Wallis tests, Spearman’s rank correlation, and Simple Linear Regression were employed in the analysis. Findings showed that Basic Education learners reported very high levels of involvement (median = 4), with the widest variation in Junior High School (SD = 0.641). Academic performance was strong overall, with 85.9% of students earning grades of 85 or higher, and more than half (53.2%) clustered in the 90–94 range. Significant differences in co-curricular participation emerged across departments (χ² = 8.80, p = 0.012) and age groups (χ² = 12.0, p = 0.003). Furthermore, a weak but significant positive correlation was found between co curricular involvement and GWA (r = 0.143, p = 0.034), while regression analysis revealed a moderate positive relationship (r = 0.374), with participation accounting for 14% of the variance in GWA (R² = 0.140). The study concludes that co-curricular involvement supports strong academic performance, though its effects are modest and vary across grade levels. Structured programs at the elementary level foster consistent engagement, while adolescent learners thrive when opportunities balance autonomy and academic integration.
Early-Grade Foundational Numeracy Skills: A Pretest-Posttest Analysis Among Grades 1 to 3 Pupils
The study aimed to assess pupils' early-grade foundational numeracy skills in Grades 1 to 3. The researcher employed a quasi-experimental design, specifically a one-group pretest-posttest design. The participants included 11 Grade 1 pupils, 17 Grade 2 pupils, and 23 Grade 3 pupils. The researcher used the validated Numeracy Assessment Tool (NuMAT) and analyzed the results using percentages, standard deviations, means, a t-test for dependent data, and Pearson's r. The pretest results revealed that the foundational numeracy skills of Grades 1 to 3 pupils were generally classified as non-numerate in terms of speed. Additionally, none of the pupils demonstrated comprehension in solving mathematical problems. However, the post-test results showed notable improvements. The speed of the pupils was classified as slow for Grade 1, non numerate for Grade 2, and average for Grade 3. While Grade 1 and Grade 3 pupils were generally categorized as low in comprehension, Grade 2 pupils continued to show no comprehension when solving math problems. Nonetheless, approximately twelve percent of Grade 2 pupils achieved ratings above the non-numerate level. The analysis revealed a statistically significant improvement in both speed and comprehension from the pretest to the post test across Grades 1 to 3. The higher post-test ratings indicate the effectiveness of the intervention. Moreover, the effect size was categorized as very large, further underscoring the program’s substantial impact on learners' foundational numeracy skills.
Predictors of Sports Perfectionism, Burnout Juxtaposed with Student-Athletes’ Sports Performance: A Correlational Analysis
The student-athletes’ involvement in any sports competition has been integral to their lives, bringing school pride. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between sports perfectionism and burnout as predictors of student-athletes' sports performance. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed, involving a computed sample size of 116 student-athletes. Adapted structured survey questionnaires were used to assess the levels of sports perfectionism, burnout, and sports performance. The frequency and percentage, weighted mean, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were utilized to analyze the data statistically. The research recognized that the presence of athletes’ balanced demographics and broad sports involvement creates a solid foundation for analyzing perfectionism, burnout, and performance. Overall, athletes exhibit adaptive perfectionism characterized by high standards and organized routines, while maintaining manageable levels of concern. The study found a moderate positive association between perfectionism and burnout, driven mainly by perfectionistic concerns such as fear of mistakes and doubt. The link between burnout and performance was weak, suggesting that athletes’ short-term performance remains resilient even when psychological strain is present. The strongest pathway in the analysis was between perfectionism and performance, where adaptive striving predicted stronger performance behavior. This pattern aligns with positive perfectionism frameworks, which associate high standards and disciplined routines. The findings emphasize that perfectionism supports performance when directed constructively but becomes harmful when driven by external pressure or fear of mistakes. Finally, the results highlight the value of supportive school sport environments that promote autonomy, competence, SMART goal setting, and mental skills training.
Examining the Predictive Role of Teacher Support Typologies on Students’ Research Self-Efficacy: An Integrated Theoretical Perspective
Studies show that social support enhances students’ beliefs in their ability to perform research tasks; however, most prior research has focused on graduate and postgraduate students and examined support in general, limiting understanding of how multiple types of social support interact to shape secondary students’ research self-efficacy. Guided by Tardy’s Social Support Framework and Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory, this study investigated the predictive effects of informational, appraisal, emotional, and instrumental support on students’ research self-efficacy. A quantitative-predictive research design was employed, with 350 secondary students from Baguio City, Philippines, completing validated instruments measuring perceived teacher support and research self-efficacy. Binary logistic regression revealed that all four support types significantly increased the odds of students reporting high research self-efficacy, with informational support showing the strongest effect, followed by appraisal, instrumental, and emotional support. These findings underscore the multifaceted role of teacher support in enhancing students’ research competence, highlighting the importance of clear guidance, constructive feedback, emotional reassurance, and practical resources. The study suggests that interventions targeting all four support dimensions can substantially strengthen students’ self-efficacy in conducting research tasks.
Beyond Awareness: Examining Financial Behaviors Among Public School Teachers in the Philippines
This study examined the financial behaviors of public school teachers in Baguio City, Philippines, focusing on behavioral frequency, perceived difficulty, and differences across demographic and professional groups. Using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, survey data from 335 teachers and follow-up interviews were analyzed through statistical tests and thematic analysis. Findings showed that teachers generally demonstrated moderately positive financial behaviors, especially in meeting routine obligations. However, these practices reflected disciplined management under limited income and heavy debt burdens rather than true financial security. Significant differences were found by marital status and employment rank, while attendance at financial literacy seminars showed no significant effect. The study also revealed a gap between frequency and difficulty: budgeting was most often done but was considered the hardest due to scarce resources, while choosing financial products was considered easiest despite limited critical evaluation. Overall, teachers’ financial behaviors were shaped more by structural constraints than by lack of knowledge. The study recommends stronger behavioral support systems, such as automated savings, debt restructuring mechanisms, and just-in-time financial coaching.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) Knowledge Among Senior High School Students Before and After a Structured Health Education Intervention at Canossa College – San Pablo City, Inc.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a growing public health concern, often developing gradually due to insulin resistance and remaining undiagnosed until complications arise. This study aimed to enhance senior high school students’ knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and increase preventive awareness, thereby supporting Sustainable Development Goals 3 on good health and well-being, and Goal 4 on quality education and health literacy. Using a quantitative, pre-experimental, one-group pretest-posttest design, 185 students at Canossa College in San Pablo City completed a validated questionnaire assessing their knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), including its definition, symptoms, risk factors, complications, and preventive measures. The educational intervention consisted of structured group discussions, take-home pamphlets, and posters displayed in the school canteen, a high-traffic area to ensure repeated exposure. Results showed significant improvements across all domains: knowledge of T2DM diagnosis increased from 35.14% to 73.51% (38.37% improvement, p = 0.048), understanding of risk factors improved from 36.76% to 69.19% (32.43% improvement, p = 0.008), and awareness of complications such as liver involvement rose from 23.24% to 57.84% (34.59% improvement, p = 0.008). These findings indicate that multi-modal school-based health education effectively enhances adolescents’ health literacy and corrects misconceptions related to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. However, the study evaluated knowledge outcomes only and did not directly measure behavioral or lifestyle changes. While generalizability is limited to a single institution, the study highlights the value of integrating structured T2DM education into school curricula to improve health knowledge and preventive awareness and support achievement of SDGs 3 and 4.
Work Experience, Nursing Competency, and Self-Compassion of Nurses in San Pablo City
This study examined the relationship between nurses’ self compassion and nursing competence among hospital nurses in San Pablo City, Laguna. While nurses are expected to show compassion toward patients, self compassion is often overlooked. Guided by Patricia Benner’s Novice-to-Expert Theory, the study used a multidimensional nursing competency framework covering clinical care, communication, safety and professionalism, evidence based practice, and leadership. A quantitative descriptive-correlational design was employed with 159 nurses from five public and private hospitals, selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, Spearman’s rho, and chi-square tests. Findings showed that most nurses had more than five years of experience, worked eight-hour shifts, and handled a 1:5 nurse-to-patient ratio. Nurses demonstrated moderate self-compassion and proficient nursing competence. Work experience variables were not significantly related to self-compassion, whereas self-compassion was significantly positively related to overall nursing competence across all domains. The findings suggest that self-compassion is an important psychological resource that may help strengthen competence and support quality patient care.
The Relationship of Motivation, Study Time, and Test Anxiety on Academic Performance
This study examined the relationships among academic motivation, study time, test anxiety, and academic performance among senior high school students in selected schools within the DepEd Division of Sultan Kudarat. A quantitative correlational research design was used, with data collected from senior high school students via validated questionnaires assessing motivation, study hours, and test anxiety, and academic performance measured by final grades. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. Results showed that students demonstrated moderate levels of academic motivation, study time, and test anxiety. Correlation analysis revealed no significant relationship between motivation, study time, or test anxiety and academic performance. These findings suggest that academic performance may be influenced more by other factors not included in the study, such as teaching strategies, cognitive abilities, and students’ backgrounds. The study concludes that improving academic performance requires a holistic approach that supports effective study habits and helps students manage test-related stress. Future research should include additional variables and contextual factors that may better explain students’ academic achievement.
Explorative Learning and Critical Thinking Skills of Students in Earth Science
This study examined the effectiveness of the Explorative Learning Approach in enhancing the critical thinking skills and summative assessment performance of Grade 11 Earth Science students. A quasi-experimental pretest posttest control group design was employed. Forty-two students were assigned to experimental and control groups (n = 21 each). Results showed that the experimental group obtained significantly higher posttest scores on critical thinking (M = 27.00, SD = 6.30) than the control group (M = 17.86, SD = 8.24), t(40) = 4.04, p < .001. Within-group analysis also revealed significant improvements in the experimental group, t (20) = 10.52, p < .001. Findings indicate that the Explorative Learning Approach significantly enhances critical thinking and academic performance compared to traditional instruction. The results suggest that structured inquiry-based instruction can improve higher-order thinking skills in secondary science education contexts. Implications for instructional practice and future research across subject areas are discussed.
A Comparative Analysis of Approaches to Improving Students’ Literary Interpretation Skills and Engagement
This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the Biographical, Structuralist, and Reader-Response Approaches in enhancing Grade 10 students' literary interpretation skills and engagement. A quasi-experimental pretest posttest non-equivalent groups design was used. The participants were 124 Grade 10 students from a DepEd high school in Valencia, Negros Oriental, who were divided into three instructional groups through a one-stage cluster sampling. A validated essay assessment measuring thematic analysis, character insight, and affective interpretation, along with a questionnaire evaluating cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement, were administered. The data were analyzed using percentages, means, standard deviations, t-tests, analysis of variance, and Pearson’s r. Initial pretest results showed that students across all groups were generally at the “Developing” level in literary interpretation, indicating moderate skill in analyzing themes, interpreting characters, and forming emotional connections with texts. After the intervention, posttest results demonstrated improvement across all groups, with the Structuralism Approach earning the highest scores in all areas. Additionally, all three methods promoted student engagement, with Structuralism consistently leading in engagement levels. Overall, the findings showed a statistically significant increase in literary interpretation skills from pretest to posttest across all groups. The higher posttest scores suggest that while all three approaches were effective, the Structuralism Approach had the most substantial impact on students’ literary interpretation skills and engagement.
Roadmap of the Inabëģ Weaving Industry: The One Town, One Product (OTOP) Program of Buhi, Camarines Sur
This study examined the status of the Inabëģ weaving industry in Buhi, Camarines Sur, identified its vision, constraints, opportunities, and assessed the existing and possible programs for the industry. It aimed to develop a proposed Inabëģ Weaving Industry Roadmap aligned with the OTOP Program. A qualitative-descriptive design was used, with data from interviews with government agencies, academic institutions, and LGU Buhi; focus group discussions; and documents, which were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that the Inabëģ, which was known as hinabol and rebranded in 2023, remains a significant cultural and economic activity. Moreover, it offers traditional and advanced weave designs across the wearables and homestyle categories, with local and national marketing. Key constraints include limited and costly raw materials, dependence on middlemen, labor-intensive production, declining youth interest, lack of marketing skills, low brand visibility, lack of standardized design and pricing, and insufficient capital. Despite these challenges, there were several opportunities, such as local fiber availability, potential for direct suppliers, mechanization, product development support, digital market expansion, integration into the tourism plan, access to financing, and institutional partnerships. Findings indicate that most active support programs were administered by government agencies, while others have no current projects in Inabëģ but can offer potential support. Academic institutions contribute through research and development, and marketing support. The proposed roadmap outlines the industry’s status, desired future state, and strategies to become an innovative, globally recognized weaving sector that preserves cultural heritage and empowers weavers.
Challenges and Learning Strategies in General Mathematics: Analyzing Student Competency Development and Effective Approaches
This study examined the challenges students face in learning General Mathematics and the strategies used to address them. Using a descriptive correlational design and one-stage cluster sampling, the study involved 136 Grade 11 students from two public schools in Valencia, Negros Oriental. Validated questionnaires were administered, and data were analyzed using the mean, Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation, and the Kruskal-Wallis Test. Findings revealed that students experience moderate difficulty in solving problems involving functions, rational functions, and rational inequalities, but face high difficulty when applying these concepts to real-life situations. Approximately 42.6 percent of students reported high to very high difficulty in real-life applications. Students reported a high level of use of learning strategies such as peer tutoring, collaborative learning, independent learning, and video tutorials, while the use of technological tools remains moderate. Results showed a positive, significant relationship (p < .001) between challenges and the use of learning strategies. A significant difference was found in the use of video tutorials (p = 0.004), with outstanding students utilizing this strategy more frequently.
Effects of the Concrete–Representational–Abstract (CRA) Approach on Grade 6 Students’ Fraction Achievement and Attitudes
This study addressed the persistent difficulty elementary learners experience with fractions and the limited classroom-based evidence on short Concrete–Representational–Abstract (CRA) interventions in Philippine public schools. This study aimed to determine the effects of a five-week CRA intervention on Grade 6 students’ achievement in fractions and attitudes toward learning fractions. Using a quasi-experimental one-group pretest posttest design, the study involved one intact Grade 6 class (N = 45). Matched pretest–posttest data were available for 39 students on the researcher assembled fraction achievement test based on released TIMSS-style items (35 points) and for 40 students on the adapted Mathematics Attitude Scale. Lessons progressed from hands-on fraction models to drawings and then to symbols and procedures, with explicit bridging across stages. Achievement scores increased from M = 5.92 (SD = 4.03) to M = 13.18 (SD = 6.05), t(38) = 12.63, p < .001, dz = 2.02. Attitude ratings improved from M = 3.52 (SD = 0.62) to M = 3.88 (SD = 0.40), t(39) = 5.49, p < .001, dz = 0.87. The CRA approach was effective in improving both fraction achievement and class attitudes, indicating that sequenced and connected representations can support conceptual understanding and learner confidence. These findings highlight CRA as a practical, classroom-feasible instructional strategy for elementary mathematics instruction.
The Relationship Between Learning Style and Academic Performance of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Filipino Students
This study investigated the relationship between learning styles and academic performance of students enrolled in the Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSED) major in Filipino at Tagoloan Community College during the Academic Year 2024–2025. A descriptive–correlational research design was employed, involving 175 students selected through stratified random sampling from a total population of 318 students. Data were collected using a validated researcher-made questionnaire that measured students’ learning styles across visual, auditory, and kinesthetic modalities, while academic performance was assessed using students’ General Weighted Average (GWA). Results revealed that students exhibited a very high level of learning style preference across all three modalities, with kinesthetic learning style obtaining the highest mean (M = 3.32, SD = 0.57), followed by visual (M = 3.31, SD = 0.49) and auditory (M = 3.25, SD = 0.49). In terms of academic performance, the respondents demonstrated very high to high academic performance, with 45% obtaining a GWA between 1.00–1.49 and 53% falling within 1.50–1.99. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between overall learning styles and GWA (ρ = −0.275, p = 0.008), indicating that stronger alignment with preferred learning styles is associated with better academic performance. Among the modalities, the kinesthetic learning style showed the strongest relationship with GWA (ρ = −0.298, p = 0.004), followed by the visual learning style (ρ = −0.241, p = 0.015), while the auditory learning style showed no significant relationship (ρ = −0.121, p = 0.108). The findings highlight the importance of integrating kinesthetic and visual instructional strategies to enhance students’ academic performance and to support effective teaching practices in Filipino teacher education programs.
Faith and Resiliency Among Senior High School Students: The Mediating Role of Adaptability
There has been growing concern about the psychological well-being of senior high school students in recent years, especially regarding their ability to manage academic stress and the challenges posed by their socioeconomic circumstances. This study examined the mediating effect of adaptability on the link between faith and resilience among grade 11 and 12 students at a senior high school in Leyte Province, enrolled in 2024–2025. It bridged the gap by determining the perceived level of faith, adaptability, and resiliency of the students, tested the significant difference in the students' level of faith, adaptability, and resiliency with respect to their age, sex, religious affiliation, and total family income, evaluated the effect of faith and adaptability of students on their resiliency, and explored the mediating effect of adaptability between the link of faith and resiliency. The researchers employed the descriptive, comparative, and predictive designs. 258 respondents responded to the valid and reliable survey instruments. Researchers utilized the weighted mean, standard deviation, Mann-Whitney U-test, Kruskal-Wallis test, multiple linear regression bootstrap technique, and mediated regression bootstrap technique. This study discovered very high levels of faith, adaptability, and resiliency among respondents. It further found significant differences in faith with respect to students’ total family income and in resilience with respect to age. Regression revealed a significant effect of adaptability and faith on students’ resiliency, and adaptability had a mediating effect between faith and resiliency. This study had strong implications for the school administrators, religious leaders, senior high school teachers, and future researchers.
Underutilization of the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Implications for Health Education and Awareness
The underutilization of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in San Pablo City poses a significant public health concern. This study aimed to examine the factors contributing to the underutilization of the HPV vaccine among parents residing in Barangay Del Remedio, San Francisco, and San Jose in San Pablo City, Laguna, and to provide a basis for developing appropriate health education and awareness strategies. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was utilized, involving 368 parents of children aged 9 to 18 years. Data were gathered through a validated questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that most respondents were aged 35–44 years, married, junior high school graduates, and self-employed, with children aged 9-10 years. Results indicated low HPV vaccination rates among the respondents. The primary barriers to vaccination included limited awareness and knowledge about the HPV vaccine, high vaccination costs, and fear of possible side effects. The study was limited to respondents from only three barangays in San Pablo City, which may affect the generalizability of the findings. Respondents identified community-based and school-based health education programs as the most preferred methods for receiving information about HPV vaccination. Statistical analysis further showed that age, marital status, and educational attainment did not significantly influence respondents’ awareness of or knowledge about the HPV vaccine. However, occupation and vaccination status were associated with higher levels of awareness, while only vaccination status significantly influenced knowledge levels. Overall, the findings highlight the need to strengthen targeted health education initiatives to improve awareness, address misconceptions, and promote HPV vaccination uptake within the community.
Efficacy of Crude Extract from Moringa oleifera Leaves as an Alternative Bactericide for Escherichia coli in Wastewater
This study examined the antibacterial effect of crude extract from Moringa oleifera leaves against Escherichia coli in wastewater from the Imus River. To address limited evidence on the use of macerated moringa extract for river water disinfection, three extract concentrations (5 mL, 15 mL, and 30 mL) were tested under a fixed wastewater volume and 10-minute contact time. Fresh moringa leaves were air-dried, milled, and macerated in 95% ethanol for 48 hours, then concentrated to obtain a crude extract. E. coli in wastewater samples was confirmed through colonial morphology on Eosin Methylene Blue agar and Gram staining. Samples were treated in three trials per concentration, with untreated controls. After 24 hours of incubation, colony-forming units were counted and analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results showed a dose-dependent reduction in E. coli counts, with mean colony counts of 543.33 in the control, 383.33 at 5 mL, 159.33 at 15 mL, and 63.33 at 30 mL. ANOVA revealed a significant difference among groups (F = 18.07, p < .001). These findings indicate that crude Moringa oleifera leaf extract significantly reduced E. coli in wastewater and may serve as a low-cost natural bactericide for preliminary disinfection. Further studies should improve extraction methods and compare their efficacy with standard disinfectants.
HyFlex Learning in the Philippines: A Review of Educational Contexts and Beatty’s Design Principles
HyFlex (hybrid-flexible) learning allows students to participate in the same course through multiple modes, typically face-to-face, synchronous online, or asynchronous participation. Beatty proposed four design principles that guide HyFlex implementation: learner choice, equivalency, reusability, and accessibility. In the Philippines, HyFlex emerged within flexible learning policies introduced during the COVID-19 period. Although studies on HyFlex have increased, there is still no consolidated account of how it has been studied across Philippine educational contexts. This study conducted a scoping review to map HyFlex research in the Philippines and examine how Beatty’s design principles are reflected in existing studies. The review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute and PRISMA extensions for scoping reviews. Searches were conducted in Scopus, ERIC, EBSCO Education Source, and Google Scholar, supplemented by manual searches in institutional repositories. Twenty-five empirical studies published between 2022 and 2026 met the inclusion criteria. Results show that HyFlex research in the Philippines is concentrated in higher education and spans several disciplines, with quantitative and mixed-methods designs most often used. Across studies, learner choice and accessibility were reported more frequently than equivalency and reusability. Reported outcomes included engagement, satisfaction, and learning performance, while implementation issues included connectivity, classroom orchestration, and workload demands. Overall, the review shows that HyFlex research in the Philippines remains largely descriptive and points to the need for more design-oriented studies, broader educational coverage, and closer attention to Beatty’s principles in practice.