Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives
The Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives (JIP) is a scholarly publication that embraces both multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches. It operates as a peer-reviewed, open-access journal available in both printed and online formats. Manuscripts meeting the general criteria of significance and scientific relevance are welcome for submission to the Journal.
Narrative Patterns and Cultural Transmission in Masbateños Urban Legends: A Framework for Controlled Shift Narration for Oral Tradition Preservation
This research examines the transmission of stories across generations in Masbate City, Philippines, by analyzing the narrative patterns in local urban legends shared by 25 elder storytellers from five barangays. Working with community members aged 65 and above, the researcher collected and analyzed their oral narratives using a mixed-methods approach that combined qualitative content analysis with quantitative descriptive statistics. The study demonstrates that Masbateños consistently prefer straightforward, chronological storytelling, with linear narrative structures prevailing in their oral traditions (M = 2.8, SD = 0.84). Rather than employing nonlinear temporal structures, these storytellers consistently organize their legends in a sequential order that mirrors how events unfolded. The most intriguing discovery emerged from examining thematic relationships: a perfect negative correlation between origin and heroism narratives (ρ = -1.000, p < .001) suggests that these two story types serve entirely different functions within the community's oral tradition and operate in separate narrative spaces. This finding indicates that Masbateño communities have developed a sophisticated system for organizing their cultural knowledge, in which different thematic categories fulfil distinct pedagogical and mnemonic roles. However, the study also documented generational erosion, in which younger storytellers systematically omit cultural details and shift narrative perspectives, threatening the preservation of authentic cultural memory. In response to these preservation challenges, the researcher developed the Controlled Shift Narration (CSN) framework. This community-based intervention employs strategic perspective alignment, linguistic anchoring of vernacular terms, and pedagogical integration to maintain narrative authenticity while allowing natural evolution across generations. Unlike existing preservation models that prioritize static documentation, CSN acknowledges the inherently dynamic nature of oral tradition while providing structured mechanisms to mitigate unintentional distortion. This framework offers practical tools for cultural heritage preservation initiatives and contributes to folklore studies’ methodology by bridging the gap between authenticity and adaptability in oral narrative transmission.
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Factors Affecting Social Media Advertising on Coffee Shops in Cabanglasan, Bukidnon
This study addresses the lack of research on how social media advertising functions in rural coffee shops, particularly in Cabanglasan, Bukidnon. Its objective is to examine whether business profile characteristics— years in business, number of employees, and social media platforms used— relate to the effectiveness of social media advertising. A descriptive correlational design was used, and data were gathered from all licensed coffee shop owners in Cabanglasan who actively use social media. Results show that while most coffee shops are new, small-scale, and primarily rely on Facebook, these business profile factors do not significantly influence advertising effectiveness. Instead, owners emphasized that engaging content, consistent posting, and customer interaction are the primary drivers of online visibility and customer response. The study concludes that coffee shops should prioritize improving content quality and platform use strategies rather than relying on business size or longevity. These insights offer practical guidance for small rural businesses and contribute to the growing body of digital marketing research in non-urban settings.
The Mediating Role of Resilience on the Relationship Between Childhood Trauma Exposure and Narcissistic Traits of Transgender Individuals
This study explored the relationship between childhood trauma exposure, narcissistic traits, and resilience among Filipino transgender individuals. Although prior research has established the long-term psychological impact of childhood trauma, limited attention has been given to how resilience may influence this association within transgender populations, particularly in Southeast Asian contexts. Guided by Developmental Trauma Theory (2005) and the Transgender Resilience Intervention Model (2018), it examined whether resilience mediates the link between trauma and narcissistic traits. Using a quantitative correlational design, data were gathered from 334 transgender participants through standardized measures (CTQ, CD-RISC, and NPI-16). Results revealed a significant positive relationship between childhood trauma exposure and narcissistic traits. However, resilience did not mediate this Relationship. Despite high trauma exposure, many participants exhibited strong resilience, suggesting the presence of protective factors. These findings contribute to the literature on trauma and personality development in transgender individuals living in non-Western contexts. The study underscores the interplay of trauma and personality in psychological distress and emphasizes the necessity of culturally sensitive mental health support for Filipino transgender individuals.
A Contemporary Evidence Synthesis of Leadership Styles and Their Impact on Organizational Performance: A Systematic Review
This systematic review examined the relationship between various leadership styles and organizational performance, drawing on 42 studies published between 2019 and 2025. Although extensive research exists, the literature remains fragmented due to inconsistent contexts, overlapping constructs, and diverse performance indicators. The review aimed to (1) determine which leadership styles are most strongly linked to performance outcomes, (2) identify mediating and moderating factors that shape this relationship, and (3) highlight gaps for future research. Guided by the PRISMA 2020 framework, relevant studies were systematically gathered from Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Emerald Insight, and Google Scholar. A narrative synthesis approach was used to integrate both quantitative and qualitative evidence. Findings revealed that transformational leadership most consistently enhances innovation, employee engagement, and long-term organizational performance. Transactional leadership contributes to short-term efficiency and goal attainment, while servant leadership fosters ethical cultures and supports employee well-being. Emerging models, remarkably adaptive and distributed leadership, are gaining prominence in post-pandemic and digital work environments. The results also indicate that leadership effectiveness is context-dependent, with cultural and sector-specific differences influencing outcomes. Overall, the review concludes that no single leadership style universally guarantees organizational success. Instead, a blended approach incorporating transformational, servant, and adaptive elements appears most effective in promoting resilience and sustainable performance. These insights offer valuable implications for leadership development, organizational policy, and innovation strategies in rapidly evolving environments.
From Risk to Recovery: A Systematic Literature Review of the Economics of Disasters in the Philippines
This study systematically reviews the economics of disasters in the Philippines, synthesizing research from 2012 to 2023 to identify key themes and gaps in the literature on how recurring hazards affect economic outcomes. Using a structured literature search across leading academic databases, the review identifies 20 empirical studies on natural disasters, including typhoons, hydrometeorological, and geological events. The findings demonstrate that disasters have a substantial impact on national and local economies, notably through GDP losses, increased public spending, sector-specific disruptions, and the deepening of poverty, especially among vulnerable groups. Resilience and adaptive strategies, disaster financing, and recovery mechanisms emerge as critical themes in both the literature and policy recommendations. However, data fragmentation, particularly at the local level, and limited longitudinal analysis impede the development of targeted and inclusive interventions. The review stresses the need for more granular, region-specific studies and improved economic risk management in disaster-prone contexts. By integrating findings on direct and indirect impacts, from infrastructure losses to shifts in social welfare, the study provides actionable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers seeking to enhance Philippine disaster resilience and socioeconomic recovery, including the piloting and empirical evaluation of risk-transfer mechanisms, such as microinsurance, in high-risk regions.
Factors Affecting Business Sustainability of Public Market Vendors in Northern Mindanao, Philippines
Public market vendors are essential contributors to local economies in Northern Mindanao, yet their long-term business sustainability remains underexplored in empirical research. This study addresses that gap by examining how business permits, strategies, resources, and customer retention influence the sustainability of public market vendors in Cabanglasan, Bukidnon. A quantitative descriptive research design was employed, with survey data collected from 126 vendors via census sampling. Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between business factors and sustainability outcomes. Findings indicate that compliance with business permit requirements is essential for maintaining legal operations and avoiding regulatory or financial risks. Resource availability—including financial capacity, equipment, and access to skills training—supports consistent business performance. Strategic initiatives, including marketing, innovation, and operational efficiency, enhance competitiveness. Customer retention also emerged as a critical determinant, emphasizing the role of engagement, feedback, and service quality in fostering loyalty. The analysis confirmed that business permits, resources, and strategies significantly affect sustainability, thereby rejecting the null hypothesis. These results underscore the importance of targeted policies and support mechanisms that promote regulatory compliance, improve access to resources, and strengthen strategic capabilities. Such interventions are vital to ensuring the long-term resilience of public market vendors in Northern Mindanao.
Students’ Perceptions of Resource Centers in an International School of Bangkok, Thailand
This study examines the use of the Resource Centers at the Singapore International School in Bangkok, Thailand. It addresses the limited research on how international school students perceive library services and resources. It aimed to assess students' awareness of and knowledge of the available library resources, as well as their satisfaction with library services. A quantitative descriptive design was employed with 196 students participating in the study. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to determine awareness, satisfaction, and adequacy across campuses. Results showed that respondents were aware of the library’s resources and rated their adequacy as ‘good’, suggesting that the collection sufficiently complements students' academic needs. Moreover, the results revealed no significant differences between the campuses in students' awareness of available resources or in their satisfaction with library services. Lastly, the study also identified the preferences to improve the library services, including inference assistance: in person, keeping the students updated on new resources: the personalized alerts, library orientation for new students: use of online modules, enhancing library book talks and events: author visits, and selective information dissemination: customized suggestions.
Assessing the Level of Laboratory Safety Awareness Among Science Education Students
This study examined the level of laboratory safety awareness among Science Education students at Davao del Sur State College in the Philippines. Although science students frequently conduct experiments and practical investigations, there is limited attention to how well they understand and apply laboratory safety practices, which are essential for preventing accidents. To address this gap, the study aimed to measure students’ safety awareness and determine whether it varied across learner groups. A quantitative descriptive research design was employed, and data were collected from 147 BSEd Science students using a modified and validated questionnaire. The results showed that students generally demonstrated a high level of awareness of laboratory rules and procedures. Statistical analyses revealed no significant differences in safety awareness across gender, age, prior laboratory experience, or type of safety training. However, year level was a significant predictor, indicating that safety awareness improves as students progress through the program. These findings highlight the need for continuous, developmentally appropriate safety instruction and for stronger integration of safety practices across all laboratory courses. The study also recommends exploring safety awareness in other disciplines that involve laboratory work to broaden the understanding of safety culture in higher education.
“Beyond the Badge, Beyond the Hurt”: Counseling Experiences of Police Officers in a Restorative Intervention Program
This study explores the counseling experiences of uniformed personnel reintegrated after grave administrative offenses as part of a behavior-focused restorative intervention. While counseling is crucial to holistic healing, current practices lack standardization, which may hinder officers' full recovery. Using a qualitative phenomenological research approach, this study interviewed eight male police officers from the Police Regional Office 5. Data were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Findings revealed initial fear and resistance to counseling, which were overcome by the establishment of a supportive, nonjudgmental, and informed space. Participants reported profound self-reflection, emotional reconstruction, and restored self-efficacy through the therapeutic process, fostering trust and connection beyond rank. The study concludes that professional counseling, marked by empathy and a strong therapeutic alliance, effectively addresses barriers within law enforcement culture, leading to significant personal transformation and successful reintegration. These insights highlight the need for standardized, responsive counseling guidelines within uniformed services to enhance police mental health and operational effectiveness.
Carrying the Burden: Lived Psychological Struggles of Caregivers Raising Children with Neurodevelopmental Conditions
The study’s main objective is to explore the lived experiences, stressors, and coping mechanisms of caregivers of children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in the National Capital Region, Philippines. Grounded in Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), the study aimed to capture how caregivers make sense of their roles amidst emotional, physical, financial, and social challenges. Eight primary caregivers, all mothers, were purposively selected and interviewed using semi-structured, face-to-face interviews at a national government hospital. Data were transcribed and analyzed thematically; five major themes emerged: (1) Daily Caregiving Burdens, (2) Emotional and Psychological Stressors, (3) Social Challenges, (4) Financial Strain, and (5) Coping Mechanisms. Findings reveal that caregiving is a full-time, emotionally demanding role often characterized by isolation, anxiety about the future, and financial hardship. Despite these burdens, caregivers demonstrated resilience through structured routines, family adaptation, faith, and acceptance. The study underscores the urgent need for accessible, culturally sensitive interventions that support both child and caregiver well-being. Recommendations include expanding mental health services, implementing community-based support, implementing inclusive education programs, and developing caregiver-focused policies. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of Filipino caregiving realities and offers valuable insights for clinical practice, public health planning, and future studies.
Resilience and Success Strategies: A Phenomenological Analysis of the Elements Affecting Retakers of Certified Public Accountant Licensure Examination in the Philippines
The journey to passing the Licensure Examination for Certified Public Accountants (LECPA) is especially challenging for retakers. This study explored the factors that influence the success of LECPA retakers from three private Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Cebu from 2018 to 2024. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, in-depth interviews were conducted with fifteen alumni selected through purposive-random sampling. Data triangulation strengthened the credibility of the findings. Results revealed that successful retakers rely on disciplined learning strategies, strong personal well being, intrinsic motivation, and effective stress management. Support from family, peers, and academic mentors also played a crucial role, while financial stability—whether through family support or self-funding—helped sustain their preparation. The study concludes that LECPA success among retakers is shaped by holistic preparation and a supportive environment, areas often overlooked in existing research. Grounded in the Comprehensive LECPA Support Model (CLSM), the study recommends that institutions provide structured review programs, mentoring, wellness initiatives, and financial assistance to improve candidate readiness and enhance accountancy education outcomes.
Navigating Ethical Boundaries: AI-Driven Data Collection and Analysis in Academic Research
The integration of artificial intelligence into academic research has revolutionized data collection and analysis, yet raises critical ethical concerns about privacy, consent, and data integrity. This study investigates college students' perceptions and experiences regarding ethical boundaries in AI driven research methodologies in Manila. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study surveyed 384 college students from selected universities in Manila who had completed at least one research course. Data were collected through a validated researcher-made questionnaire and semi structured interviews conducted over three months. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests, while qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify emerging ethical concerns. Results revealed that 78.40% of respondents expressed moderate to great concern about AI-mediated data privacy, with significant differences across academic disciplines (χ² = 24.56, p < .001). Students identified informed consent transparency (M = 4.21, SD = 0.87), algorithmic bias (M = 3.94, SD = 0.92), and data security (M = 4.35, SD = 0.76) as primary ethical considerations. The study concludes that while AI offers unprecedented research capabilities, educational institutions must establish comprehensive ethical frameworks and enhance student awareness of AI-related research ethics to ensure responsible implementation in academic settings.
The Relationship Between Business Planning and Business Performance Towards Microbusiness
This study investigates the relationship between business planning and business performance among microbusinesses in Cabanglasan, Bukidnon. Business planning serves as a strategic tool to enhance operational effectiveness by mitigating risks, ensuring precise project execution, and optimizing the use of financial resources. Applying a quantitative research design, data were collected from 79 registered sari-sari store owners using structured questionnaires focused on planning-related practices. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis were used to assess the extent to which planning components influence performance indicators. The results revealed that microbusinesses that practice strong risk mitigation strategies, well-organized projects, and disciplined financial resource management report notable improvements in profitability, customer satisfaction, and business continuity. Risk mitigation had the most significant influence on overall performance. Challenges were observed in the adoption of digital tools and in access to financial support, which limit further gains. The findings emphasize the need to strengthen local training programs, resource-allocation strategies, and support systems tailored to the realities of microenterprises. This study provides policymakers, regional development agencies, and educators with meaningful insights to promote sustainable growth in rural microbusiness sectors.
Selling Strategies and Business Practices of Rice Retailers: A Qualitative Study in a Rural Philippine Setting
This study examines the sales strategies of rice retailers in Cabanglasan, Bukidnon, Philippines, in a competitive, economically uncertain market. While previous studies have explored general retail practices, limited research has focused specifically on the strategic and operational challenges faced by small-scale rice retailers in rural municipalities—an essential gap this study addresses. Using a qualitative approach, key informant interviews (KII) with 10 rice retailers at the Poblacion market, and employing thematic analysis, identified patterns in their sales practices and operational difficulties. The findings reveal two major themes: effective sales strategies and key challenges. Retailers reported that strong salesmanship, offering high-quality rice, and applying strategic pricing, such as customer discounts, strengthened customer trust and loyalty. In contrast, they faced challenges, including intense competition, inadequate record-keeping, and financial risks associated with extending credit—issues that disproportionately affect smaller retailers and compromise their financial stability. The study underscores the need to build customer relationships, ensure consistent product quality, and apply competitive pricing strategies, while also addressing operational weaknesses, such as poor documentation and credit management. It concludes by recommending support programs in business management, financial literacy, and record-keeping to strengthen the long-term viability and competitiveness of rice retailers in the area.
The Influence of Financial Education on the Financial Behavior of Business Administration Students
This study examines the influence of financial education on the financial behavior of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA) students at a satellite campus in Bukidnon, Philippines. As financial decisions become increasingly complex, understanding how students acquire and apply financial knowledge is essential for promoting financial stability. The study aims to determine how engagement in peer financial education groups, access to financial education resources, and time spent on financial learning contribute to budgeting, saving, debt management, and spending habits. A quantitative research design was employed using an adapted and validated questionnaire with a Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.98, indicating excellent reliability. Sixty 1st- and 2nd-year BSBA students were selected through a convenience sampling method. Descriptive statistics were used to measure levels of financial education and financial behavior, while regression analysis tested the influence of financial education on behavioral outcomes. Results show that students generally demonstrate moderate to high levels of financial education, particularly in peer engagement and time invested in learning. Access to financial resources emerged as the strongest predictor of improved financial behavior, significantly influencing budgeting and saving practices. However, students performed more poorly on advanced financial concepts, such as investment and long-term debt management. Peer engagement showed a positive but less substantial effect. The study concludes that structured financial education initiatives, improved access to resources, and targeted programs focused on debt management and investment literacy can significantly strengthen students’ financial competencies. The findings provide evidence for integrating more comprehensive financial education within BSBA curricula to enhance students’ financial decision-making and long-term resilience.
The Readiness of Teachers in Teaching Filipino Literature in Secondary Schools
Teacher readiness in teaching Filipino Literature (Panitikang Filipino) remains underexplored, particularly in provincial secondary schools where access to training and digital resources may be limited. This study aimed to assess the level of teachers’ readiness to teach Filipino Literature in selected secondary schools in Villanueva and Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental. A descriptive–correlational design was employed, with a validated survey administered to 31 Filipino teachers and analyzed using means, standard deviations, t-tests, and the Kruskal–Wallis H test. The results showed that most teachers were mid-career, female, and holders of bachelor’s degrees. They demonstrated a high level of readiness across content knowledge (M=4.54), instructional materials (M=4.40), teaching methods (M=4.55), and Filipino language proficiency (M=4.51). Minor gaps were identified in technology based assessment and interdisciplinary integration. No significant relationship was found between demographic factors and readiness, indicating that preparedness is consistent across groups. The study concludes that teachers are generally well-prepared to teach Filipino Literature, but enhancing digital literacy and interdisciplinary skills is essential to further strengthen instructional quality in the 21st-century classroom.
Effect of Code-Switching in Teaching Among Filipino Pre-Service Teachers
Language plays a vital role in education, serving as the primary tool for teaching, learning, and communication between teachers and students. In a multilingual country like the Philippines, teachers navigate multiple languages to ensure learners’ comprehension. One strategy widely used in classrooms is code-switching, or the alternation between two or more languages during instruction. Numerous studies have explored code-switching in English instruction; however, limited research has examined its pedagogical impact in Filipino language teaching, particularly among pre-service teachers in local colleges. Most existing studies focus on sociolinguistic aspects rather than their implications for instructional clarity and classroom management. This gap underscores the need to examine how code-switching affects teaching effectiveness in multilingual settings. This study determined how pre-service teachers at Tagoloan Community College use code-switching in teaching and its effects on instructional clarity and classroom management. It employed a descriptive research design with 82 participants using a Likert-scale survey questionnaire. Results showed a high positive impact of code-switching on teaching (M = 4.61, SD = 0.45), particularly in clarifying concepts and supporting classroom management. Findings indicate that code-switching is not merely a matter of convenience but a deliberate pedagogical choice that responds to learners’ linguistic and cognitive needs. Overall, the study affirms that code-switching is a practical and pedagogically sound strategy in preparing future teachers for multilingual classroom settings.
Impact of Learning Experience on Perceived Program Relevance of BA English Language Studies
The Philippine higher education system requires outcomes-based education that emphasizes critical competencies in programs such as the Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies (BAELS). However, a gap often exists between regulatory objectives and students’ intrinsic perceptions of program value. This study assessed the extent to which BAELS students' learning experiences influence their perceived relevance of the program to their academic and career goals. Employing a descriptive quantitative correlational research design, this study involved sixty (60) BAELS students as respondents. Findings revealed that respondents reported a high satisfaction with their overall learning experience (M=4.49) and a very high perception of program relevance (M=4.56). Crucially, learning experience emerged as a robust predictor, explaining approximately 91.7% of the variance in perceived program relevance. While the overall learning environment (β=.371) and course materials (β=.353) were strong positive predictors, the analysis identified significant negative coefficients for faculty support (β=-.310) and technology/facilities support (β=-.254). The study concludes that although the program is highly valued by its students, its quality assurance is demonstrably hampered by resource and mentorship deficits. It is recommended that the program craft and implement a Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) plan structured by Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle to reinforce these transformation stages and ensure sustained program excellence and relevance.
A Systematic Literature Review: Present Bias versus Financial Literacy as Determinants of Savings Behavior Among Entrepreneurs
This systematic review synthesizes evidence from 20 peer-reviewed studies (2020–2025) to compare the influence of financial literacy and present bias on entrepreneurial savings behavior. The primary objective was to determine which factor—knowledge or behavioral bias—more strongly predicts savings outcomes among entrepreneurs. The methodology followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, with searches conducted in Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science using Boolean keywords; inclusion criteria required peer reviewed articles in English with a Journal Impact Factor ≥1.5, focused on entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial populations. Three key findings emerged: (1) financial literacy’s impact is conditional and often negligible without self control; (2) present bias consistently leads to impulsive spending and reduced savings; and (3) behavioral factors frequently override financial knowledge. The review concludes that integrated interventions combining financial education with behavioral design are essential to promote entrepreneurial savings effectively.
Financial Pressures and Teacher Outcomes: Evidence from Female Public School Teachers in Lanao del Sur, Philippines
The teaching profession is vital to educational and social progress, yet its practitioners remain financially vulnerable. Public school teachers in remote areas such as Lanao del Sur in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) face financial challenges, physical isolation, and inadequate resources. This study evaluated financial pressures, well-being, and performance among female public school teachers within a single district. A validated questionnaire was used to survey thirty female teachers with long service years on financial strain indicators, workplace well-being subscales (perspective, self-management, support, meaningfulness, self-care), and self rated performance domains. Statistical methods included descriptive statistics and regression. Despite financial stress, well-being (M = 4.36, SD = 0.40) and performance (M = 4.42, SD = 0.38) were high. Regression models indicate that financial pressures strongly predict well-being (Adj. R² = 0.69, p < .05), with annual pay and self-rated performance as major predictors, whereas other income sources are negligible. The performance model was not significant (Adj. R² = 0.33, p =.259), but retention-related financial pressures and classroom supply affordability were major predictors. These findings show that teachers remain resilient and competent under pressure, but financial strains endanger long-term sustainability. Systemic pay improvements, classroom supply and retention incentive improvements, and financial capability assistance programs are needed. Hence, financial security is essential for teacher motivation, attrition reduction, and educational excellence. The study contributes localized evidence to the global discourse on teacher well-being.
Leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Administrative Assistance Workloads: An Appreciative Inquiry
Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have the potential to completely transform traditional patterns of action and transform how processes are carried out by leveraging them into administrative procedures. Despite these possibilities, the practical integration of AI into administrative procedures remains underexplored, particularly in specific organizational contexts. Using a qualitative approach, the study collected participant responses and conducted thematic analysis through the Appreciative Inquiry 4D framework. This approach enabled a structured examination of how AI is being used and its impact on administrative workflows. The study identifies three distinct categories of AI applications: administrative support, financial management, and document and data handling. Participants reported that administrative assistants are actively utilizing generative AI tools, including text generation and automated content creation, to enhance efficiency, streamline workflows, and boost productivity. Furthermore, to achieve the envisioned future, skills development and training plans, including training, resource allocation, and tool integration, are necessary. Hence, to ensure that the positive changes become embedded in the organization's culture and practices, the skills development training plan will be sustained through continuous training, feedback mechanisms, and collaborative work dynamics. In conclusion, leveraging AI for administrative workloads can lead to significant improvements in efficiency and productivity. However, success depends on structured training, cultural integration, and fostering collaboration.
Application of Social Constructivism in the Classroom: A Case Study of a Private Elementary School in Davao City
This case study investigated how teachers in Grades 4-6 at a private elementary school in Davao City apply social constructivism in Araling Panlipunan and Values Education classes, addressing the need to understand how this approach supports student learning in basic education. Using a qualitative case study design, the researcher collected data through interviews with five teachers and classroom observations. The data were analyzed to identify significant themes in instructional practices and student engagement. Findings show that teachers consistently promote collaborative and inclusive learning environments through interactive discussions, group tasks, and real life applications of lessons. Reflective assessment practices and opportunities for students to construct their own understanding were also evident. Classroom observations further revealed improved instructional strategies, effective classroom management, and high levels of student participation, particularly during collaborative and hands-on activities. Three core components emerged as essential to the application of social constructivism: fostering collaboration and real-life learning, supporting active and reflective student engagement, and strengthening holistic learning through improved teaching practices. Results indicate that social constructivism positively influences student engagement and learning outcomes. The study suggests that targeted professional development can help teachers deepen their understanding of constructivist strategies and address implementation challenges, thereby enhancing the integration of social constructivism into classroom practice.
Digital Responsibility of Public Administration Students: Challenges and Coping Strategies
The rapid expansion of digital technologies in public service highlights the growing need for future public administrators to demonstrate strong digital literacy and ethical online behavior. This study examines how Bachelor of Public Administration students at North Eastern Mindanao State University–Tandag Campus manage online risks, evaluate the credibility of digital information, and practice responsible and ethical conduct on various platforms. Using a qualitative single-case study design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten students across different year levels. A thematic analysis of the data identified four primary challenges faced by the students. These challenges included their inability to address online threats, difficulty assessing the reliability of information, overreliance on social media for academic and governance-related content, and limited awareness of digital citation practices. Students sought to counter these by familiarizing themselves with cyber laws, implementing basic security measures, reporting offensive content, and seeking assistance from peers and instructors. Unfortunately, these methods were neither always nor only self-initiated and self-directed. To avoid these problems, the Public Administration curriculum should include well-designed units on digital literacy, security awareness, and ethical digital behavior. By strengthening institutional support, we ensure that the next generation of public servants possesses the necessary skills for effective and ethical engagement in digital governance.
Parasocial Relationships and Their Influence on Consumer Purchase Intention Among Gen Z
In the evolving digital marketplace, parasocial relationships (PSRs) or one-sided emotional bonds formed between audiences and media figures have become a powerful force influencing consumer behavior, particularly among Generation Z. This study explores how PSRs impact Gen Z’s purchase, where social media usage is among the highest globally and influencer culture is deeply embedded in everyday online interactions. Drawing from existing literature and current marketing practices, the study identifies and analyzes four core PSR-related factors: influencer expertise and credibility, social identification, self-disclosure and authenticity, and brand congruence. Through a review of relevant studies and cultural phenomena such as the Filipino “budol culture” (impulse buying induced by influencers), this research highlights how emotional relatability, cultural alignment, and consistent messaging contribute to trust, loyalty, and increased purchase likelihood among Filipino Gen Z consumers. The study further discusses how marketers can assess and optimize these PSR factors through strategic influencer selection, real-time engagement analytics, consumer feedback, and sustained brand partnerships. Despite global interest in influencer marketing, existing research remains limited in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Philippines. This study addresses that gap by contextualizing PSRs within Filipino values, digital habits, and linguistic preferences. The findings offer valuable insights for digital marketers, educators, and researchers seeking to understand and engage Gen Z consumers through emotionally resonant and culturally informed strategies in the era of social media-driven commerce.
Mentorship and Culturally Responsive Pedagogy: Influence of Pre-Service Support from Cooperating Teachers
Cooperating teachers’ support during pre-service training significantly shapes the development of culturally responsive pedagogy (CRP) among future educators. This study examines the extent to which this pre service support influences the CRP practices of newly hired high school teachers. A descriptive-quantitative design was used, employing ordinal regression analysis. Using purposive sampling, 100 newly hired high school teachers from private and public schools in the Davao region were the respondents. Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire, which underwent content validation and reliability testing. Respondents reported excellent pre-service support (x̄ = 4.24) and demonstrated a very high level of CRP implementation (x̄ = 4.51). Furthermore, pre-service support from cooperating teachers significantly influences CRP implementation, as evidenced by a 35% improvement in predictive outcomes. Hence, there is a need to emphasize culturally responsive pedagogy in teacher education programs to ensure pre-service teachers are equipped with the knowledge and skills to implement diverse classroom strategies, ultimately enhancing teacher preparation and student success.
Examining Gender Discrimination Towards Male Education Students
Gender discrimination remains a continuing concern in education, particularly among male students in teacher education programs. This study examined the experiences of gender discrimination among male education students and assessed whether these experiences differed by selected profile variables. Using a quantitative descriptive research design, data were collected from 31 male education students through a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, weighted means, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc testing. Results showed that male education students experienced gender discrimination in the form of unequal standards, lack of trust, high expectations, verbal jokes, and being misunderstood because of their gender. No significant differences in discrimination experiences were found when respondents were grouped by year level. However, significant differences were observed across academic programs, particularly in experiences related to verbal abuse and perceived behavior. The study concludes that male education students face specific forms of gender-based discrimination that vary by academic program rather than educational level. These findings highlight the need for awareness programs and inclusive policies to address gender bias in teacher education. The developed information, education, and communication (IEC) materials may help promote understanding and support a more inclusive and respectful learning environment.
Relationship of Teaching Methods to Students’ Engagement and Critical Thinking Disposition
Understanding the connection between teachers’ instructional methods and students’ engagement and critical thinking is essential in strengthening criminology education. This study examined the relationship between teaching strategies and the levels of engagement and critical-thinking disposition among fourth-year Criminology students at private institutions in Cagayan de Oro City during the 2023–2024 academic year. A descriptive correlational design was employed, involving 109 students selected through simple random sampling. Data were gathered using three validated questionnaires, and analyzed through mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s product–moment correlation coefficient. Results showed that teachers’ instructional methods were rated very satisfactory, whereas students demonstrated very high engagement (WM = 3.52) and a critical-thinking disposition (WM = 3.56). Significant positive correlations were found between the teaching strategies—lecture, demonstration, and case study—and both student engagement and critical thinking (p < .05). Among these, case study methods produced the strongest association, indicating their effectiveness in promoting higher-order thinking. The findings underscore the importance of integrating interactive and analytical strategies to enhance criminology students’ learning outcomes. Practically, the study supports capacity-building programs focused on case-based instruction and active learning. Future research may examine the longitudinal effects of instructional strategies, compare different year levels, or incorporate qualitative approaches to better understand how these methods shape students’ cognitive development.
The Art of Designing Futures: Academic Performance and Career Readiness of BMMA Graduates
Education plays a vital role in preparing learners to become skilled professionals and globally competitive members of the workforce. Addressing the need to understand how academic performance relates to employability, this study examined the association between academic achievement and work readiness among graduating Bachelor of Multimedia Arts students at a private, deregulated HEI in Bacoor, Cavite, Philippines. Using a descriptive correlational research design, the study analyzed the General Weighted Average of 45 student-respondents from Batch 2025 and assessed their perceived readiness to demonstrate competencies aligned with CMO No. 20, s. 2017, alongside the Graduate Attributes, Program Educational Objectives, and Program Learning Outcomes. A researcher-developed, validated, and reliable survey instrument (Cα = 0.98) was used, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a chi-square test. Results revealed that most students achieved academic ratings ranging from “very good” to “superior,” and their work readiness was likewise high, with an overall mean of 4.77. However, the chi-square test yielded X² (45, 6) = 8.02, p = 0.237, which is below the critical value, indicating no significant association between academic performance and work readiness. This finding suggests that readiness for employment may depend more on practical experience, exposure to current industry technologies, and the development of soft skills than on academic grades alone. The study highlights the need for the BMMA program to strengthen performance-based and project-based learning, enhance access to industry aligned tools and facilities, and support faculty development focused on innovative, student-centered instruction. These improvements can help ensure that graduates are not only academically competent but also fully prepared for the demands of the creative industry.
Parental Satisfaction with University Services in a Philippine Private University
Parental perceptions and satisfaction have increasingly been recognized as critical indicators of educational quality in higher education, particularly in basic and secondary education, where both academic instruction and student welfare are essential to holistic development. Understanding how parents perceive various aspects of the learning environment provides valuable feedback on institutional effectiveness and identifies areas for improvement in both academic and administrative processes. This study was conducted to evaluate parental satisfaction with the services of a Private University in Mandaue City, Philippines, focusing on the five service quality dimensions of tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, data were collected from 200 parents from grades 4 to 10 using a structured questionnaire. Statistical analyses included frequency counts, weighted means, chi-square tests of independence, and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that parents were generally satisfied, with the highest ratings in tangibility, assurance, and empathy, while responsiveness and reliability, though slightly lower, remained positive. Income and gender significantly influenced satisfaction across specific dimensions. The study concluded that parental satisfaction is multidimensional and requires continuous attention to administrative efficiency, effective communication, infrastructure maintenance, and student welfare. A key contribution of this research is the insight that parents' perspectives provide a comprehensive understanding of service quality in higher education, extending beyond student-focused evaluations and emphasizing the importance of stakeholder engagement in institutional development.