Exploring Self-Stigma, Resilience, and Risk of Relapse Among Plea Bargainers in Drug-Related Cases: Basis for the Enhancement of Community Assisted Recovery and Rehabilitation Outpatient Training Services – Salubong Aftercare

Authors

  • Bernie B. Valencia Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
  • Elmer G. De Jose Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2025.627

Keywords:

Plea bargainers in drug-related cases, Resilience, Risk of relapse, Self stigma

Abstract

The main purpose of the study was to investigate whether self-stigma and resilience were predictors of risk of relapse among plea bargainers in drug related cases, utilizing a descriptive correlation design. A non-probability sampling, specifically a combination of purposive and convenience sampling, was employed. A total of three hundred male plea bargainers in drug-related cases participated in the study. Results revealed that among the respondents, neither self-stigma nor resilience significantly predicted the risk of relapse. However, internalized stigma, as a domain of self-stigma, significantly predicted Compulsivity for Drug (CD), a domain of risk of relapse. Similarly, Enacted Stigma, Anticipated Stigma, and Overall Self-Stigma collectively predicted the Lack of Negative Expectancy for the Drug (NE). The study's results helped enhance Community Assisted Recovery and Rehabilitation Outpatient Training Services - Salubong Aftercare in community-based drug rehabilitation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Andrade, C. (2020). The inconvenient truth about convenience and purposive samples. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 43(1), 86–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/0253717620977000

Budhwani, H., Hearld, K., Hasbun, J., Charow, R., Rosario, S., Tillotson, L., McGlaughlin, E., & Waters, J. (2017). Transgender female sex workers’ HIV knowledge, experienced stigma, and condom use in the Dominican Republic. PLOS One, 12(11), e0186457. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186457

Bueza, M. (2017). IN NUMBERS: The Philippines’ ‘war on drugs’. Rappler. https://tinyurl.com/7zjfp88v

Chen, D., & Anderson, C. (2023). Categorical data analysis. International Encyclopedia of Education (Fourth Edition), pp. 575–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.10070-3

Ciocchini, P., & Lamchek, J. (2023). The “War on Drugs” in Philippine criminal courts: Legal professionals’ moral discourse and plea bargaining in drug-related cases. Criminal Legalities and Minorities in the Global South, pp. 209–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17918-1_11

Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59(7), 614–625. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.59.7.614

da Silveira, P.S., Casela, A.L.M., Monteiro, É.P., Ferreira, G.C.L., de Freitas, J.V.T., Machado, N.M., Noto, A.R., & Ronzani, T.M. (2018). Psychosocial understanding of self-stigma among people who seek treatment for drug addiction. Stigma and Health, 3(1), 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000069

Dallas, J.C., Jullamate, P., Vatanasin, D., Moungkum, S., Nadarajan, S., & Krungkraipetch, N. (2023). Resilience and influencing factors among youths undergoing substance abuse treatment in Thailand: A cross-sectional study. Sage Open Nursing, 9, 237796082311579. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608231157986

Dormann, C.F., Elith, J., Bacher, S., Buchmann, C., Carl, G., Carré, G., & Lautenbach, S. (2013). Collinearity: A review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography, 36(1), 27–46.

Douglas, H. (2022). Sampling techniques for qualitative research. Principles of Social Research Methodology, pp. 415–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5441-2_29

Elkalla, I.H.R., El-Gilany, A.-H., Baklola, M., et al. (2023). Assessing self-stigma levels and associated factors among substance use disorder patients at two selected psychiatric hospitals in Egypt: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 23, 592. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05093-0

Ellingsen, M.M., Clausen, T., Johannesen, S.L., Martinsen, E., & Hallgren, M. (2023). Effects of acute exercise on affect, anxiety, and self-esteem in poly-substance dependent inpatients. European Addiction Research, 29(4), 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1159/000531042

Farooq, N., & Riaz, S. (2022). Psychosocial factors as the determinants of relapse in individuals with substance use disorder. International Journal of Innovations in Science and Technology, 4(6), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2022040611

Gnawali, Y.P. (2022). Use of Mathematics in quantitative research. Ganeshman Darpan, 7(1), 10–15. https://doi.org/10.3126/gd.v7i1.53528

Hair, J., Jr., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.

Hakimian, J., Dong, T., Barahona, J., Lagishetty, V., Tiwari, S., Azani, D., Barrera, M., Lee, S., Severino, A., Mittal, N., Cahill, C., Jacobs, J., & Walwyn, W. (2019). Dietary supplementation with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids reduces opioid-seeking behaviors and alters the gut microbiome. Nutrients, 11(8), 1900. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081900

Hendianti, G.N., & Uthis, P. (2018). Factors related to methamphetamine relapse risk among clients in the substance rehabilitation center of National Narcotics Board in West Java, Indonesia. Journal of Health Research, 32(4), 279–287. https://doi.org/10.1108/jhr-05-2018-035

Hernanto, F.F., Harsa, A.P., & Permana, R.A. (2020). Resilience among drug abuser under treatment program in drug rehabilitation center in Surabaya. Journal of Vocational Nursing, 1(2), 135. https://doi.org/10.20473/jovin.v1i2.23561

Hoidrag, T. (2022). Self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help in adolescents with addictive behaviors.

Ishtiaq, M. (2019). Book Review: Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. English Language Teaching, 12(5), 40. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n5p40

Jan, M.M., Faisal, U., Ahmad, T., Waheed, F., Ehsan, N., Bilal, L.Z., Akbar, T., Ullah, H., Malik, A.S., Nawaz, S., & Ahmed, F. (2022). Assessment of risk factors of relapse in drug addicts in rehabilitation centers in Peshawar City. Journal of Medical Sciences, 30(04), 265–269. https://doi.org/10.52764/jms.22.30.4.6

Jang, K.W., Lee, H.K., Park, B.J., Kang, H.-C., Lee, S.-K., Kim, C.-H., Nam, S.K., & Roh, D. (2023). Social stigma and discrimination toward people with drug addiction: A national survey in Korea. Psychiatry Investigation, 20(7), 671–680. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2023.0065

Kassani, A., Niazi, M., Hassanzadeh, J., & Menati, R. (2015). Survival analysis of drug abuse relapse in addiction treatment centers. International Journal High Risk Behaviors & Addiction, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.23402

Kim, E.Y., & Jang, M.H. (2019). The mediating effects of self-esteem and resilience on the relationship between internalized stigma and quality of life in people with schizophrenia. Asian Nursing Research, 13(4), 257–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2019.09.004

Massah, O., Taremian, F., Moloodi, R., Farhadi, M.H., & Ahounbar, E. (2018). Relapse among patients referring to residential rehabilitation centers for drug use disorders in Iran and its related factors. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal, 139–146. https://doi.org/10.32598/irj.16.2.139

Maxwell, S.E. (2000). Sample size and multiple regression analysis. Psychological Methods, 5(4), 434–458. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.5.4.434

Moore, K.E., Stein, M.D., Kurth, M.E., Stevens, L., Hailemariam, M., Schonbrun, Y.C., & Johnson, J.E. (2019). Risk factors for self-stigma among incarcerated women with alcohol use disorder. Stigma and Health, 5(2), 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000182

Motyka, M., Al-Imam, A., Haligowska, A., & Michalak, M. (2022). Helping women suffering from drug addiction: Needs, barriers, and challenges. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14039. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114039

Newman, B.N., & Crowell, K.A. (2021). The intersectionality of criminality and substance use self-stigmas. Stigma and Health, 8(2), 212–222. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000293

Ogai, Y., Haraguchi, A., Kondo, A., Ishibashi, Y., Umeno, M., Kikumoto, H., Hori, T., Komiyama, T., Kato, R., Aso, K., Asukai, N., Senoo, E., & Ikeda, K. (2007). Development and validation of Stimulant Relapse Risk Scale for drug abusers in Japan. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88, 174–171.

Pallant, J. (2021). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS (9th ed.). Open University Press.

Pilafas, G., Strongylaki, N.P., Papaioannou, D., Menti, D., & Lyrakos, G. (2020). Adaptation of “Nicholson McBride Resilience Questionnaire” (NMRQ) in Greek. A reliability and validity study in an epidemiological Greek sample. Health & Research Journal, 6(4), 123. https://doi.org/10.12681/healthresj.25629

Post, F., Buchta, M., Kemmler, G., Pardeller, S., Frajo-Apor, B., & Hofer, A. (2021). Resilience predicts self-stigma and stigma resistance in stabilized patients with Bipolar I Disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.678807

Raharni, R., Isfandari, S., Purnamasari, T., Susianti, A.L., & Mujiati, M. (2022). Determinant factors of narcotics, psychotropic, and addictive substances abuse relapse in a drug rehabilitation centre in Indonesia. Pharmacy Education, 22(2), 207–212. https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2022.222.207212

Rahman, M.S. (2016). The advantages and disadvantages of using qualitative and quantitative approaches and methods in language “Testing and Assessment” research: A Literature review. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v6n1p102

Razali, N.M., & Wah, Y.B. (2011). Power comparisons of Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors and Anderson-Darling tests. Journal of Statistical Modeling and Analytics, 2(1), 21–33.

Rundle, S., Cunningham, J., & Hendershot, C. (2021b). Implications of addiction diagnosis and addiction beliefs for public stigma: A cross‐national experimental study. Drug and Alcohol Review, 40(5), 842–846. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13244

Schiel, R., Kaps, A., Stein, G., & Steveling, A. (2016). Identification of predictors for weight reduction in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity (IDA-Insel Survey). Healthcare, 4(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare4010005

Sharif, N.S.N.M., Kamarudin, M.K.A., Hassan, M.S.N.A., Potikengrith, T., & Lertbunchardwong, K. (2023). Promoting factors to relapse among drug addicts: A review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i5/16994

Simpson, V. (2020). Community resilience: One community’s view of recovery from the opioid epidemic. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 4(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-020-00064-9

Strickland, N.J., Tang, K.T.Y., Wekerle, C., & Stewart, S.H. (2022). Fostering resilience and countering stigma: A qualitative exploration of risk and protective factors for negative psychological consequences among alcohol-involved sexual assault survivors. Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy, 15(6), 1012–1021. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001300

Tran, B.X., Vu, P.B., Nguyen, L.H., Latkin, S.K., Nguyen, C.T., Phan, H.T.T., & Latkin, C. (2016b). Drug addiction stigma in relation to methadone maintenance treatment by different service delivery models in Vietnam. BMC Public Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2897-0

Tristanto, A., Afrizal, A., Setiawati, S., & Ramadani, M. (2022). Overview of community stigma and self-stigma related to HIV and AIDS. Alfuad Jurnal Sosial Keagamaan, 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.31958/jsk.v6i1.5485

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2022). Compulsory treatment and rehabilitation in East and Southeast Asia. United Nations. https://tinyurl.com/mryk4p6s

Vilus, B., & Perich, T. (2021). The relationship between rumination, depression and self-stigma in hazardous drinkers: An exploratory study. Discover Psychology, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44202-021-00006-2

Wang, D.-F., Zhou, Y.-N., Liu, Y.-H., Hao, Y.-Z., Zhang, J.-H., Liu, T.-Q., & Ma, Y.-J. (2022). Social support and depressive symptoms: Exploring stigma and self-efficacy in a moderated mediation model. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03740-6

Wang, K., Schick, M., & Weiss, N. (2022). The role of executive functioning deficits in the association between substance-use-related stigma and substance use problems among trauma-exposed individuals. Substance Abuse, 43(1), 171–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2021.1903652

Wooldridge, J.M. (2016). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Wu, S.L.-J., Huang, H.-M., & Lee, H.-H. (2014). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. The Journal of Nursing, 61(3), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.6224/JN.61.3.105

Yamashita, A., Yoshioka, S.-i., & Yajima, Y. (2021). Resilience and related factors as predictors of relapse risk in patients with substance use disorder: A cross-sectional study. Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-021-00377-8

Yeung, N.C.Y., Kan, K.K.Y., Wong, A.L.Y., & Lau, J.T.F. (2020). Self-stigma, resilience, perceived quality of social relationships, and psychological distress among Filipina domestic helpers in Hong Kong: A mediation model. Stigma and Health, 6(1), 90–99. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000246

Zeng, X., & Wei, B. (2021). The relationship between the psychological capital of male individuals with drug abuse and relapse tendency: A moderated mediation model. Current Psychology, 42(12), 10334–10343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02325-y

Zeng, X., Lu, M., & Chen, M. (2021). The relationship between family intimacy and relapse tendency among people who use drugs: A moderated mediation model. Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-021-00386-7

Zhao, W., Duan, F., Li, X., Li, J., Xia, L., Ren, Z., Song, L., Song, P., Mu, L., Wang, L., Zhang, J., Song, X., Wang, Z., Chen, J., Zhang, X., & Jiao, D. (2023). Cognitive control in heroin use disorder patients after prolonged methadone maintenance treatment. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3682356/v1

Downloads

Published

2026-02-27

How to Cite

Valencia, B., & De Jose, E. (2026). Exploring Self-Stigma, Resilience, and Risk of Relapse Among Plea Bargainers in Drug-Related Cases: Basis for the Enhancement of Community Assisted Recovery and Rehabilitation Outpatient Training Services – Salubong Aftercare. Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 4(3), 314–331. https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2025.627