Instructors’ Experiences of Burnout During the COVID-19 Pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2025.130Keywords:
Teachers’ burnout, Pandemic, Phenomenology, Science teachersAbstract
The COVID-19 pandemic imposed significant emotional strain on science instructors, yet research on their burnout experiences remains limited. This study examines their emotional challenges, coping strategies, and sources of motivation. Key Informant Interviews were conducted with eight science instructors from Higher Education Institutions in Digos City, Davao del Sur, using a qualitative phenomenological approach during the 2021-2022 academic year. Participants were selected based on their teaching experience during the pandemic, and thematic analysis was used to interpret the data. Findings revealed three key challenges: (1) work stress due to difficulties in teaching-learning modality, overwhelming school workloads, and student misbehavior; (2) mental and emotional distress, including frustration and fear of infection; and (3) challenges in managing student behavior. To cope, instructors used self-regulation strategies such as self-motivation and redirection, along with seeking social support from family and nonfamily members. Faith, optimism, and professional commitment were key motivators for resilience. This study underscores the need for stronger institutional support systems to mitigate instructor burnout. Enhancing mental health programs, improving workload management, and fostering peer support networks can better equip educators to handle future crises.
Downloads
References
Agyapong, B., Obuobi-Donkor, G., Burback, L., & Wei, Y. (2022). Stress, burnout, anxiety and depression among teachers: A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 10706. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710706
Alarcon, G. M., Bowling, N. A., & Khazon, S. (2013). Great expectations: A meta-analytic examination of optimism and hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(7), 821-827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.004
Amin, M., Nuriadi, N., Soepriyanti, H., & Thohir, L. (2022). Teacher resilience in facing changes in education policy due to covid-19 pandemic. Indonesian TESOL Journal, 4(1), 71-84. https://doi.org/10.24256/itj.v4i1.2537
Amri, Z., & Alasmari, N. (2021). Self-efficacy of Saudi English majors after the emergent transition to online learning and online assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Higher Education, 10(3), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v10n3p127
Anderson, K. (2012). Examining relationships between enabling structures, academic optimism and student achievement. [ Doctoral dissertation, Auburn University]. Journal of School Leadership, 28(4), 434-461. https://doi.org/10.1177/105268461802800401
Anderson, R. C., Bousselot, T., Katz-Buoincontro, J., and Todd, J. (2021). Generating buoyancy in a sea of uncertainty: teachers’ creativity and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 614-774. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.614774
Baleghizadeh, S., & Gordani, Y. (2012). Motivation and quality of work life among secondary school EFL teachers. Australian Journal of Teacher Education (Online), 37(7), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2012v37n7.8
Beames, J. R., Christensen, H., & Werner-Seidler, A. (2021). School teachers: The forgotten frontline workers of Covid-19. Australasian Psychiatry, 29(4), 420-422. https://doi.org/10.1177/10398562211006145
Batara, J. B. L., Franco, P. S., Quiachon, M. A. M., & Sembrero, D. R. M. (2016). Effects of religious priming concepts on prosocial behavior towards ingroup and outgroup. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 12(4), 635. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v12i4.1170
Cachón-Zagalaz, J., Sánchez-Zafra, M., Sanabrias-Moreno, D., González-Valero, G., Lara-Sánchez, A. J., & Zagalaz-Sánchez, M. L. (2020). Systematic review of the literature about the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of school children. Frontiers in Psychology 2(4), 5-7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569348
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2014). Dispositional optimism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(6), 293-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.02.003
Cuervo Carabel, T., Orviz Martínez, N., Arce García, S., & Fernández Suárez, I. (2018). Technostress in the society of technology and communication: Scoping literature review from the Web of Science. Archives of Occupational Risk Prevention, 21(1), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.12961/aprl.2018.21.1.04
Dolcos, F., Hohl, K., Hu, Y., & Dolcos, S. (2021). Religiosity and resilience: Cognitive reappraisal and coping self-efficacy mediate the link between religious coping and well-being. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(4), 2892-2905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01160-y
Ellis, P. (2016). The language of research (part 8): Phenomenological research. Wounds UK, 12(1), 128-129. https://tinyurl.com/4359k5pw
Farley, A. N., & Chamberlain, L. M. (2021). The teachers are not alright: A call for research and policy on teacher stress and well-being. The New Educator, 17(3), 305-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/1547688X.2021.1939918
Fiorilli, C., Benevene, P., De Stasio, S., Buonomo, I., Romano, L., Pepe, A., & Addimando, L. (2019). Teachers’ burnout: The role of trait emotional intelligence and social support. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2743. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02743
Fitchett, P. G., McCarthy, C. J., Lambert, R. G., Eyal, M., Playfair, E. C., & Dillard, J. B. (2021). Examining teacher stress-vulnerability in the US secondary school context. Educational Review, 73(2), 170-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2019.1619521
Froehlich, F. A. (2021). Factors influencing Pennsylvania public school special education teachers' desire to leave teaching (Doctoral dissertation). Temple University).
García-Carmona, M., Marín, M. D., & Aguayo, R. (2019). Burnout syndrome in secondary school teachers: A systematic review and meta -analysis. Social Psychology of Education, 22, 189-
208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-018-9471-9
García-Morales, V. J., Garrido-Moreno, A., & Martín-Rojas, R. (2021). The transformation of higher education after the COVID disruption: Emerging challenges in an online learnin g scenario. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 616059. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.616059
Gibbs, S., & Miller, A. (2014). Teachers’ resilience and well-being: A role for educational psychology. Teachers and Teaching, 20(5), 609–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2013.844408 Greening, N. (2019). Phenomenological Research Methodology. Scientific Research Journal, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.31364/scirj/v7.i5.2019.p0519656
Harris, A. (2020). COVID-19:school leadership in crisis. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 5(3/4), 321-326. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-06-2020-0045 Hartono, M. (2022). Drawing hobby as a medium to manage stress and self-development. VCD, 7(1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.37715/vcd.v7i1.2905
Hirsch, J. K., Walker, K. L., Chang, E. C., & Lyness, J. M. (2012). Illness burden and symptoms of anxiety in older adults: Optimism and pessimism as moderators. International Psychogeriatrics, 24(10), 1614-1621. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000762
Hj Ramli, N. H., Alavi, M., Mehrinezhad, S. A., & Ahmadi, A. (2018). Academic stress and self-regulation among university students in Malaysia: Mediator role of mindfulness. Behavioral Sciences, 8(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs8010012
Hodges, C. B., Moore, S., Lockee, B. B., Trust, T., & Bond, M. A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 19(2), 522-
540. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.31848.70401
Huber, S., & Huber, O. W. (2012). The Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS). Religions, 3(3), 710-724. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel3030710
Jimenez, E. C. (2021). Impact of mental health and stress level of teachers to learning resource development. Journal of Education, 9(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v9i2.3702
Karagöl, A., & Kaya, Z. T. (2022). Healthcare workers’ burn-out, hopelessness, fear of COVID-19 and perceived social support levels. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 36(3), 200-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpsy.2022.01.001
Kyriacou, C. (2001). Teacher stress: Directions for future Research. Educational Review, 53(1), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131910120033628
Li, Q., Miao, Y., Zeng, X., Tarimo, C. S., Wu, C., & Wu, J. (2020). Prevalence and factors for anxiety during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic among the teachers in China.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.017
Mari, E., Lausi, G., Fraschetti, A., Pizzo, A., Baldi, M., Quaglieri, A., Burrai, J., Barchielli, B., Avallone, F., & Giannini, A. M. (2021). Teaching during the pandemic: A comparison in psychological wellbeing among smart working professions. Sustainability, 13(9), 4850. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094850
Marshall, D. T., Shannon, D. M., & Love, S. M. (2020). How teachers experienced the COVID-19 transition to remote instruction. Phi Delta Kappan, 102(3), 46-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031721720970702
Martínez, J. A., & Ramírez, J. R. (2020). Contextual and psychological keys to teacher well-being. Revista de Psicodidáctica, 1(29), 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psicoe.2023.12.001 Martínez-Monteagudo, M. C., Inglés, C. J., Granados, L., Aparisi, D., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2019). Trait emotional intelligence profiles, burnout, anxiety, depression, and stress in
secondary education teachers. Personality and Individual Differences, 142, 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.036
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2017). Understanding burnout: New models. In C. L. Cooper, & J. C. Quick (Eds.), The handbook of stress and health: A guide to research and practice (pp. 36- 56) John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118993811.ch3
McClelland, M., Geldhof, J., Morrison, F., Gestsdóttir, S., Cameron, C., Bowers, E., & Grammer, J. (2018). Self-regulation. In N. Halfon, C. B. Forrest, R. M. Lerner, & E. M. Faustman (Eds.), Handbook of life course health development (pp. 275-298) Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47143-3_12
Medina-Cascales, J. Á., & Reverte-Prieto, M. J. (2019). School violence, prevalence traits in individual and group victimization in compulsory education in Spain. Revista de Estudios y Experiencias en Educación, 18(37), 97-110. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042038
Nayak, T. (2014). Impact of quality of work life on turnover intention: A study on private school units in Odisha . Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/jdzmkr4w
Nes, L. (2016). Optimism, pessimism, and stress. In G. Fink (Ed.), Stress: Concepts, cognition, emotion, and behavior (pp. 405–411) Elsivier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-800951- 2.00052-2
O’Brien, D. J. (2021). A guide for incorporating e-teaching of physics in a post-COVID world. American Journal of Physics, 89(4), 403–412. https://doi.org/10.1119/10.0002437
Orhan, G., & Beyhan, Ö. (2020). Teachers’ perceptions and teaching experiences on distance education through synchronous video conferencing during Covid-19 pandemic. Social Sciences and Education Research Review, 7(1), 8-44. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211119.019
Orlanda-Ventayen, C. C., & Ventayen, R. J. M. (2021). Stress and depression in the workplace of educators in the Philippines. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.22.21254017
Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., Bueno-Notivol, J., Pérez-Moreno, M., & Santabárbara, J. (2021). Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid systematic review with meta-analysis. Brain Sciences, 11(9), 1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091172
Ozturk, A., & Kumtepe, A. T. (2015). Exploring the learning behaviour patterns of Open and Distance Students. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 156. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-022-00328-8
Petrakova, A., Tatjana Kanonire, Kulikova, A., & Orel, E. (2021). Characteristics of Teacher Stress during Distance Learning Imposed by the COVID 19 Pandemic. Voprosy Obrazovaniya/ Educational Studies Moscow, 1, 93–114. https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2021-1-93-114
Pressley, T., Ha, C., and Learn, E. (2021). Teacher stress and anxiety during COVID-19: An empirical study. School Psychol, 36, 367–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000468 Pagayanan, R. P. (2016). Stress profile of public elementary school teachers in Tacloban City Division: Inputs for a proposed classroom intervention program. In International Conference
on Research in Social Sciences, Humanities and Education (pp. 126-129). https://doi.org/10.17758/uruae.uh0516121
Panahi, S., Yunus, A. S., & Panahi, M. S. (2016). Influence of cognitive emotion regulation on psychological well-being of Malaysian graduates. The European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 53–67. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.05.02.6
Prescott, R. W. (2012). Online student incivility: What it is and how to manage it in transnational distance learning and building new markets for universities. IGI Global (1), 87-105. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0206-9
Rabacal, J., Oducado, R. M., & Tamdang, K. (2020). COVID-19 impact on the quality of life of teachers: A cross-sectional study. Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research, 8(4), 478-492. https://doi.org/10.15206/ajpor.2020.8.4.478
Rabago-Mingoa, T. (2017). Filipino teachers’ stress levels and coping strategies. Teacher’s stress and coping strategies. Advanced Science Letters, 24(11), 8276–8279. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.12540
Richardson, P. W., Watt, H. M., & Wilkins, K. (2014). Profiles of professional engagement and career development aspirations among USA preservice teachers. International Journal of Educational Research, 65, 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2013.09.008
Santamaría, M. D., Mondragon, N. I., Santxo, N. B., & Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N. (2021). Teacher stress, anxiety and depression at the beginning of the academic year during the COVID-19 pandemic. Global Mental Health 8, 14. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2021.14
Schenke, K., Ruzek, E., Lam, A. C., Karabenick, S. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2018). To the means and beyond: Understanding variation in students’ perceptions of teacher emotional support.
Learning and Instruction, 55, 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.02.003
Sevrika, H., & Merina, Y. (2019). Teacher’s responses toward student’s misbehavior in the teaching learning process. TELL-US Journal, 5(1), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.22202/tus.2019.v5i1.2998
Teles, R., Valle, A., Rodríguez, S., Piñeiro, I., & Regueiro, B. (2020). Perceived stress and indicators of burnout in teachers at Portuguese Higher Education Institutions (HEI). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3248–3248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093248
Van Tilburg, T. G., Steinmetz, S., Stolte, E., Van der Roest, H., & De Vries, D. H. (2021). Loneliness and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a study among Dutch older adults.
The Journals of Gerontology, (76)7, 249-255. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa111
Slaughter, J. E., Gabriel, A. S., Ganster, M. L., Vaziri, H., & MacGowan, R. L. (2021). Getting worse or getting better? Understanding the antecedents and consequences of emotion profile transitions during COVID-19-induced organizational crisis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(8), 1118–1136. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000935
Sundler, A. J., Lindberg, E., Nilsson, C., & Palmér, L. (2019). Qualitative thematic analysis based on descriptive phenomenology. Nursing Open, 6(3), 733–739. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.275
Von der Embse, N., Ryan, S. V., Gibbs, T., & Mankin, A. (2019). Teacher stress interventions: A systematic review. Psychology in the Schools, 56(8), 1328-1343. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22279
Wakui, N., Abe, S., Shirozu, S., Yamamoto, Y., Yamamura, M., Abe, Y., Murata, S., Ozawa, M., Igarashi, M., Yanagiya, T., Machida, Y., & Kikuchi, M. (2021). Causes of anxiety among teachers giving face-to-face lessons after the reopening of schools during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11130-y
Wohlfhart, O., & Wagner, I. (2023). Teachers’ role in digitalizing education: An umbrella review. Educational Technology Research and Development, 71(2), 339-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-022-10166-0
Woltran, F., Chan, R., Lindner, K.-T., and Schwab, S. (2021). Austrian elementary school teachers’ perception of professional challenges during emergency distance teaching due to COVID-
19. Frontiers in Education 6, 759541. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.759541
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.