Determining the Effect on the Crude Extract of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (Winged Bean) as Protein Source Replacement for Tryptic Soy Broth
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2025.441Keywords:
Escherichia coli, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Staphylococcus aureus, Tryptic Soy BrothAbstract
This study explores the potential of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (Winged Bean) crude extract as a protein source replacement for TSB, aiming to address the need for sustainable and cost-effective culture media. This research evaluated the growth of E. coli and S. aureus in modified TSB containing P. tetragonolobus (Winged Bean) crude extract at concentrations of 2%, 5%, and 10%. The TSB standard served as the positive control, and NSS served as the negative control. The media were inoculated with a crude extract prepared from the leaves of P. tetragonolobus (Winged Bean). Growth of bacteria was measured using the bacterial smear count method microscopically in terms of CFU/mL. The results obtained were statistically evaluated using ANOVA and multiple post hoc tests to identify a significant difference across different concentration treatments. The findings of this study indicated that a 5% concentration of P. tetragonolobus (Winged Bean) crude extract was the most viable concentration, with a mean count of 136.67 CFU/mL for E. coli and 145.33 CFU/mL for S. aureus. These values were comparable to those of TSB at 131 CFU/mL and 260.33 CFU/mL for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. The growth was moderate, at 2%, while it significantly decreased at a 10% concentration, likely due to the inhibitory effects caused by the high solute concentration. These results confirmed that P. tetragonolobus (Winged Bean) crude extract was indeed a feasible source of practical and sustainable protein replacement for TSB.
Downloads
References
Basavaraju, M., & Gunashree, B. S. (2023). Escherichia coli: An overview of main characteristics. In M. Starčič Erjavec (Ed.), Escherichia coli—Old and New Insights. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105508
Bassal, H., Merah, O., Ali, A. M., Hijazi, A., & Omar, F. E. (2020). Psophocarpus tetragonolobus: An underused species with multiple potential uses. Plants, 9(12), Article 1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121730
Bepary, R. H., Roy, A., Pathak, K., & Deka, S. C. (2023). Biochemical composition, bioactivity, processing, and food applications of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus): A review. Legume Science, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.187
Bevans, R. (2023). One-way ANOVA | When and how to use it (with examples). Scribbr. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/mrpyd2r4
Franca‑Oliveira, G., Fornari, T., & Hernández‑Ledesma, B. (2021). A review on the extraction and processing of natural-source-derived proteins through eco‑innovative approaches. Processes, 9(9), Article 1626. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9091626
Ho, W. K., Tanzi, A., & Sang, F. (2024). A genomic toolkit for ‘the soybean of the tropics’ – Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) [Preprint]. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1355353/v1
Kim, I., Kim, C., & Yang, W. (2021). Physiologically active molecules and functional properties of soybeans in human health — a current perspective. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(8), Article 4054. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084054
Laloučková, K., Malá, L., Maršík, P., & Skřivanová, E. (2021). In vitro antibacterial effect of the methanolic extract of the Korean soybean fermented product doenjang against Staphylococcus aureus. Animals, 11(8), Article 2319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082319
Lonsway, D. R. (2023). Clinical microbiology procedures handbook (5th ed.). ASM Press.
Malik, N. H. A., Simarani, K., & Aziz, M. A. (2022). Soybean as an alternative nutrient medium for Bacillus subtilis growth. Malaysian Applied Biology, 51(4), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v51i4.12
Mohanty, C. S., Singh, V., & Chapman, M. A. (2020). Winged bean: An underutilized tropical legume on the path of improvement, to help mitigate food and nutrition security. Scientia Horticulturae, 260, 108789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108789
Mueller, M., & Tainter, C. R. (2025). Escherichia coli infection. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://tinyurl.com/ycxbxv3p
Petrova, S. Y., Khlgatian, S. V., Emelyanova, O. Y., Pishulina, L. A., & Berzhets, V. M. (2022). Structure and biological functions of milk caseins. Russian Open Medical Journal, 11(2), e0209. https://romj.org/2022-0209
Puvača, N., & De Llanos Frutos, R. (2021). Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from humans and pet animals. Antibiotics, 10(1), Article 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10010069
Raju, K. (2020). Alternative culture media for cultivation of bacteria. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 9(3), 1174-1176. https://tinyurl.com/6jw6j5wc
Rizkita, A. D., & Dewi, S. A. (2023). Isolation and identification of chemical components of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus D.C) leaf diethyl ether extract. Proceedings – International Conference on Religion, Science and Education, 2, 721–725. https://tinyurl.com/2th29d5r
Shrestha, A. (2022). Colony counters: Types, principles and uses. Microbe Online. Retrieved from https://microbeonline.com/colony-counter/
Sriwichai, S., Monkham, T., & Sanitchon, J. (2021). Dual-purpose of the winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.), the neglected tropical legume, based on pod and tuber yields. Plants, 10(8), Article 1746. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081746
Tankeshwar, A. (2023). Tryptic soy agar (TSA): Composition, preparation, uses. Microbe Online. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/yhnx5sbn
Taylor, T. A., & Unakal, C. G. (2023). Staphylococcus aureus infection. StatPearls. https://tinyurl.com/mrxkr6at
Thomas, L. (2023). Protein purification techniques. News-Medical/Life Sciences. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/26yhxr9b
Truckee Meadows Community College. (2024). Bacterial smear preparation. TMCC Microbiology Resource Center. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/4rcr5tk4
Xie, Z., Peng, Y., Li, C., Luo, X., Wei, Z., Li, X., Yao, Y., Fang, T., & Huang, L. (2020). Growth kinetics of Staphylococcus aureus and background microorganisms in camel milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(11), 9958–9968. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-18616
Yu, D., Banting, G., & Neumann, N. F. (2021). A review of the taxonomy, genetics, and biology of the genus Escherichia and the type species Escherichia coli. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 67(8), 553–571. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2021-0114
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Patricia Angela Bianca T. Tordesillas, Nikson R. Patawaran, Arwin J. Aparente, Lance Edilbert G. Veloso, Jeri Nicole Bautista, Daniel Marl Berches, Eunica Jade Manalang, Angelene Padual, Krizzelle Mae Rañada
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
JIP is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Under the Open Access Policy, appropriate attribution can be provided by simply citing the original article.
