A Dive into the Experiences on Menopause and Andropause
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69569/jip.2025.063Keywords:
Andropause, Lived experiences, Menopause, PhilippinesAbstract
Menopause and andropause are significant biological transitions that individuals experience, yet they are often surrounded by misunderstanding and stigma. For women, menopause signifies the end of reproductive capability, while men typically undergo a gradual decline in reproductive function. This study sought to explore the experiences of individuals undergoing menopause and andropause, focusing on their biological, cognitive, psychological, and social experiences. The researchers employed a qualitative phenomenological research design, conducting face-to-face semi-structured interviews with twelve (12) participants: six (6) women experiencing menopause and six (6) men experiencing andropause, selected through purposive sampling. The collected data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) thematic analysis. The results indicated that individuals experiencing menopause and andropause encounter a range of experiences, including managing health issues, adapting to physical changes, handling personal relationships, coping with heightened emotions, and changed social dynamics. Additionally, the findings revealed the interconnectedness of biological changes, cognitive difficulties, psychological effects, and social dynamics. Recognizing these diverse experiences is essential for understanding their impact on well-being. The study's findings could serve as a foundation for developing interventions to enhance individuals' welfare and provide strategies to address these multifaceted challenges.
Downloads
References
Abootalebi, M., Vizeshfar, F., Heydari, N., & Azizi, F. (2019). Effect of education about andropause health on level of the knowledge and attitude of men referring to the education and training retirement center of Shiraz. Aging Male, 23(3), 216–221.
Ahmed, S. (2008). Sociable happiness. Emotion, Space and Society, 1(1), 10–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2008.07.003
Ali, M., & Parekh, N. (2020). Male age and andropause. In Springer eBooks (pp. 469–477). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32300-4_36
Amini, S., Mohseni, H., Abiri, B., & Jafarirad, S. (2023). The role of saffron (Crocus sativus L) on testosterone and depression in andropause middle-aged and elderly men: a systematic review. Nutrition & Food Science, 53(8), 1419–1436. https://doi.org/10.1108/nfs-03-2023-0071
An, S. Y., Kim, Y., Kwon, R., Lim, G. H., Choi, H. K., Namgoung, S., Jeon, S. W., Chang, Y., & Ryu, S. (2022). Depressive symptoms and suicidality by menopausal stages among middle- aged Korean women. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 31. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2045796022000439
Bacelonia, W. (2023, September). Bill to lower gov’t workers’ retirement age reaches Senate plenary. Philippine News Agency. Retrieved from https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1210282
Barmanpek, H. B. U. (2020). Mutluluk Korkusu ve Öznel İyi Oluş: Minnettarlığın Aracılık Rolü. Turkish Studies - Educational Sciences, 15(3), 1561–1571. https://doi.org/10.29228/turkishstudies.42067
Baumeister, R. F., Zhang, L., & Vohs, K. D. (2004). Gossip as cultural learning. Review of General Psychology, 8(2), 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.8.2.111 Bazzano, L. A., Durant, J., & Brantley, P. R. (2021). A modern history of informed consent and the role of key information. the Ochsner Journal, 21(1), 81–85.
https://doi.org/10.31486/toj.19.0105
Betz, M., & Judkins, B. (1975). The impact of voluntary association characteristics on selective attraction and socialization. Sociological Quarterly, 16(2), 228–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1975.tb00941.x
Bhasin, S., Cunningham, G. R., Hayes, F. J., Matsumoto, A. M., Snyder, P. J., Swerdloff, R. S., & Montori, V. M. (2006). Testosterone Therapy in Adult Men with Androgen Deficiency Syndromes: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 91(6), 1995–2010. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-2847
Bhatta, T. R., Kahana, E., Lekhak, N., Kahana, B., & Midlarsky, E. (2020). Altruistic attitudes among older adults: examining construct validity and measurement invariance of a new scale.
Innovation in Aging, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa060
Bonci, L. (2009). Sport Nutrition for Coaches. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/4hbtu32f
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Brodin, P., & Davis, M. M. (2016). Human immune system variation. Nature Reviews. Immunology, 17(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2016.125 Bromberger, J. T., & Epperson, C. N. (2018). Depression during and after the perimenopause. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America, 45(4), 663–678.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2018.07.007
Burch, K. (2024). How to manage hormone fluctuations. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/yc4wm6xe
Burger, J. M. (1995). Individual differences in preference for solitude. Journal of Research in Personality, 29(1), 85–108. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1995.1005 Buvat, J. (2010). Erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism: A practical guide to diagnosis and treatment. European Urology, 57(5), 812-821
Çetin, Ş., Gökçe, T. G. T., Tam, H. B. Y., & Eke, K. (2023). Investigation of Graduate and Doctoral Students’ Attitudes towards Postgraduate Education According to Various Variables.
International Journal of Educational Research Review, 9(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.24331/ijere.1356525
Chawla, S. T., Nackeeran, S., Rivero, M., Sorkhi, S., Perez, J. A., Thirumavalavan, N., & Rajasekaran, M. (2024). MP28-01 Current trends in the management of peyronie disease, 2016-2021: analysis of a large multi-institutional research network. The Journal of Urology, 211(5S). https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0001008872.42208.7a.01
Cherry, K. E., Brigman, S., Burton-Chase, A. M., & Baudoin, K. H. (2020). Perceptions of forgetfulness in adulthood. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 182(1), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2020.1840330
Chiu, H., Tsao, L. I., & Lin, M. (2020). Suffering exhausted life like burning at both ends of a candle - Women with menopausal fatigue. International Journal of Studies in Nursing, 5(1), 95. https://doi.org/10.20849/ijsn.v5i1.722
Cohen, S., & McKay, G. (2020). Social Support, Stress and the buffering Hypothesis: A theoretical analysis. In Routledge eBooks (pp. 253–267). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003044307-10 Conde, D. M., Verdade, R. C., Valadares, A. L. R., Mella, L. F. B., Pedro, A. O., & Costa-Paiva, L. (2021). Menopause and cognitive impairment: A narrative review of current knowledge.
World Journal of Psychiatry, 11(8), 412–428. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v11.i8.412
Conger, K. J., & Little, W. M. (2010). Sibling relationships during the transition to adulthood. Child Development Perspectives, 4(2), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2010.00123.x Cooper, S., Péloquin, T., Lachowsky, N. J., Salway, T., Oliffe, J. L., Klassen, B., Brennan, D. J., Houle, J., & Ferlatte, O. (2023). Conformity to masculinity norms and mental health outcomes
among gay, bisexual, trans, Two-Spirit, and queer men and Non-Binary individuals. American Journal of Men S Health, 17(5). https://doi.org/10.1177/15579883231206618 Dadswell, A., Wilson, C., Bungay, H., & Munn-Giddings, C. (2017). The role of participatory arts in addressing the loneliness and social isolation of older people: A conceptual review of the
literature. Journal of Arts & Communities, 9(2), 109–128. https://doi.org/10.1386/jaac.9.2.109_1
Davis, S. R., Castelo-Branco, C., Chedraui, P., Lumsden, M. A., Nappi, R. E., Shah, D., & Villaseca, P. (2012). Understanding weight gain at menopause. Climacteric, 15(5), 419–429. https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2012.707385
Davis, S. R., Pinkerton, J. V., Santoro, N., & Simoncini, T. (2023). Menopause—Biology, consequences, supportive care, and therapeutic options. Cell, 186(19), 4038–4058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.016
DeAngelis, T. (2023). Menopause can be rough. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/3a4bspv
Delve. Ho, L., & Limpaecher, A (2022). What is Phenomenological Research Design? Essential Guide to Coding Qualitative Data. Retrieved from https://delvetool.com/blog/phenomenology
Dog, T. L. (2005). Menopause: a review of botanical dietary supplements. The American Journal of Medicine, 118(12), 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.044 Farrell, D. M. (1980). Jealousy. The Philosophical Review, 89(4), 527. https://doi.org/10.2307/2184735
Fischer, E., & Guzel, G. T. (2022). The case for qualitative research. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 32(2), 263-276
Fischer, J. (2024). Lifestyle strategies to help prevent natural age-related decline in testosterone. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/3k5y9y93
Förstl, H., Bickel, H., Lautenschlager, N., Riemenschneider, M., & Kurz, A. (2001). Forgetfulness and light cognitive impairment. What can the physician still tolerate? PubMed, 143(23), 23–
27. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11460413
Franco, L. S., Shanahan, D. F., & Fuller, R. A. (2017). A review of the benefits of nature experiences: More than meets the eye. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(8), 864. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080864
Goldstein, J. M. (2021). Menopause and memory: Know the facts. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/mrc4jrs2
Gordon, J. L., Sander, B., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., & Tottenham, L. S. (2020). Mood sensitivity to estradiol predicts depressive symptoms in the menopause transition. Psychological Medicine, 51(10), 1733–1741. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291720000483
Griesemer, I., Phillips, A., Khan, C., Bahorski, S., Altpeter, M., Callahan, L. F., Porter, L. S., & Rini, C. (2019). Developing a couple typology: A qualitative study of couple dynamics around physical activity. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 10(3), 751–759. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibz052
Guerrero, L. K., & Andersen, P. A. (1996). Jealousy experience and expression in romantic relationships. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 155–188). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012057770- 5/50008-4
Gurarie, M. (2023). Male menopause: Overview and more. Retrieved from https://www.verywellhealth.com/male-menopause-5190827 Hailey, L. (2024). How to Explain Things Better (& Make People Understand). Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/x5mbd7bf
Haque, M. A., Irani, R., Nasrollahi, K., & Moeslund, T. B. (2016). Facial video‐based detection of physical fatigue for maximal muscle activity. IET Computer Vision, 10(4), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-cvi.2015.0215
Heifetz, R. A. (2020). Mobilizing for adaptive work. In Routledge eBooks (pp. 234–246). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003060697-25 Hersh, E. (2020). Does menopause affect your libido? Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/3yvjh6nu
Hill, D., Conner, M., Clancy, F., Moss, R., Wilding, S., Bristow, M., & O’Connor, D. B. (2021). Stress and eating behaviours in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 16(2), 280–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2021.1923406
Hinson, J. M., Jameson, T. L., & Whitney, P. (2003). Impulsive decision making and working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition, 29(2), 298–306. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.29.2.298
Hoerl, C., & McCormack, T. (2018). Thinking in and about time: A dual systems perspective on temporal cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 42. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x18002157
Hoft, J. (2021). Anonymity and confidentiality. The Encyclopedia of Research Methods in Criminology and Criminal Justice, 223–227. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119111931.ch41 Hogan, P. S., Chen, S. X., Teh, W. W., & Chib, V. S. (2020). Neural mechanisms underlying the effects of physical fatigue on effort-based choice. Nature Communications, 11(1).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17855-5
Huang, X., & Lajoie, S. P. (2023). Social emotional interaction in collaborative learning: Why it matters and how can we measure it? Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 7(1), 100447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100447
Jönsson, S. A., Lundin, R. A., & Sjöberg, L. (1977). Frustration in decision processes: a tentative frame of reference. International Studies of Management and Organization, 7(3–4), 6–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1977.11656233
Kaplan, K., Mestel, P., & Feldman, D. L. (2010). Creating a culture of mutual respect. AORN Journal, 91(4), 495–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aorn.2009.09.031 Khan, R. (2023). Charted: Retirement age by country. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/2s47j85c
Khoo, J., Tian, H., Tan, B., Chew, K., Ng, C., Leong, D., Teo, R. C., & Chen, R. Y. (2013). Comparing effects of low- and High-Volume Moderate-Intensity exercise on sexual function and testosterone in obese men. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(7), 1823–1832. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12154
Kouzes, T. K., & Posner, B. Z. (2019). Influence of managers’ mindset on leadership behavior. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(8), 829–844. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-03-2019-0142
Krans, B. (2023). What is male menopause? Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/ms6wwzkt
Kunz, T., Landesvatter, C., & Gummer, T. (2020). Informed consent for paradata use in web surveys. International Journal of Market Research, 62(4), 396–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470785320931669
Levinson, A. D. (1998). For success, focus your strengths. Nature Biotechnology, 16(S1), 45–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/5420
Levitt, H. M. (2021). Qualitative generalization, not to the population but to the phenomenon: Reconceptualizing variation in qualitative research. Qualitative Psychology, 8(1), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/qup0000184
Lewis, J. T., Parra, G. R., & Cohen, R. (2015). Apologies in Close Relationships: A Review of Theory and research. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 7(1), 47–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12060
Lindberg, S. (2023). How does your environment affect your mental health? Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/msjfkstd
Liu, H., Tan, Q., & Mai, H. (2023). Stress-Buffering Effects of Social Support on Tourism Employees during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated Mediation Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032342
MacDonald, W. (2003). The impact of job demands and workload on stress and fatigue. Australian Psychologist, 38(2), 102 –117. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060310001707107 Magaldi, D., & Berler, M. (2020). Semi-structured interviews. In Springer eBooks (pp. 4825–4830). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_857
Maisel, P., Baum, E., & Donner-Banzhoff, N. (2021). Fatigue as the chief complaint. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0192
Maki, P. M., & Jaff, N. (2022). Brain fog in menopause: a health-care professional’s guide for decision-making and counseling on cognition. Climacteric, 25(6), 570–578. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2022.2122792
Marcin, A. (2018). What causes menopause brain fog and how’s it treated? Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/4pfr4puj
Martelli, M., Zingaretti, L., Salvio, G., Bracci, M., & Santarelli, L. (2021). Influence of Work on Andropause and Menopause: A Systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health/International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10074. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910074
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry, 15(2), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20311
Mawer, R., & Ajmera, R. (2023). 8 Proven ways to increase testosterone levels naturally. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/zrdxubvv
McBride, J. A., Carson, C. C., & Coward, R. M. (2015). Testosterone deficiency in the aging male. Therapeutic Advances in Urology, 8(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756287215612961 McDowell, I. (2023). Mental Processes and Health: the Mind-Body connection. In Springer eBooks (pp. 437–458). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28986-6_11
Mills, P. J., Schneider, R. H., & Dimsdale, J. E. (1989). Anger assessment and reactivity to stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 33(3), 379–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022- 3999(89)90028-7
Mutudi, T. I. (2022). Challenges and mitigation strategies in the use of the semi-structured interview technique. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/3z7fpy22 Nassaji, H. (2020). Good qualitative research. Language Teaching Research, 24(4), 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820941288
Neubauer, B., Witkop, C. T., & Varpio, L. (2019). How phenomenology can help us learn from the experiences of others. Perspectives on Medical Education (Print), 8(2), 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-019-0509-2
Nicholson, S. B., & Lutz, D. J. (2017). The importance of cognitive dissonance in understanding and treating victims of intimate partner violence. Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma, 26(5), 475–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2017.1314989
Palmer, A. D., Carder, P. C., White, D. L., Saunders, G., Woo, H., Graville, D. J., & Newsom, J. T. (2019). The impact of communication impairments on the social relationships of Older adults: Pathways to Psychological Well-Being. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 62(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0495
Panigrahi, A. (2016). Managing stress at workplace. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2912833
Parham, D., Reed, D., Olicker, A., Parrill, F., Sharma, J., Brunkhorst, J., Noel-MacDonnell, J., & Voos, K. (2019). Families as educators: a family-centered approach to teaching communication skills to neonatology fellows. Journal of Perinatology, 39(10), 1392–1398. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-019-0441-7
Price, D. (2021). Menopause. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/zzmpfmu7
Russa, M. B., Rodriguez, C. M., & Silvia, P. J. (2013). Frustration influences impact of history and disciplinary attitudes on physical discipline decision making. Aggressive Behavior, 40(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21500
Samipoor, F., Pakseresht, S., Rezasoltani, P., & Leili, E. K. (2017). Awareness and experience of andropause symptoms in men referring to health centers: a cross-sectional study in Iran. The Aging Male, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/13685538.2017.1298586
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1993). On the Power of Positive Thinking: The Benefits of Being Optimistic. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(1), 26–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770572
Schieman, S. (2007). Anger. In Springer eBooks (pp. 493–515). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30715-2_22 Schwalbe, F. (2023, January). Andropause: Is Male Menopause Real? Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/3pt8jv4z
Shaughnessy, M. (2020). Confidentiality. In Springer eBooks (pp. 533–535). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_95
Shields, G. S., Spahr, C. M., & Slavich, G. M. (2020). Psychosocial interventions and immune system function. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(10), 1031. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0431
Slavin, J. L., & Lloyd, B. (2012). Health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Advances in Nutrition, 3(4), 506–516. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.112.002154
Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2014). Recovery from job stress: The stressor-detachment model as an integrative framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(S1), S72–S103. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1924
Staff, R. (2023). Andropause: Understanding male menopause symptoms and Treatments. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/26eb9nte
Su, L., & Zhou, S. (2022). Long-Term residential environment exposure and subjective wellbeing in later life in Guangzhou, China: moderated by residential mobility history. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20), 13081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013081
Talaulikar, V. (2022). Menopause transition: Physiology and symptoms. Best Practice & Research in Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 81, 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2022.03.003
Tenny, S., Brannan, J. M., & Brannan, G. D. (2022). Qualitative Study. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Toruńczyk-Ruiz, S., & Martinović, B. (2020). The bright and dark sides of length of residence in the neighbourhood: Consequences for local participation and openness to newcomers.
Journal of Environmental Psychology, 67, 101383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101383
Tuck, M., Wittkowski, A., & Gregg, L. (2022). A Balancing Act: A Systematic Review and Metasynthesis of Family-Focused Practice in Adult Mental Health Services. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 26(1), 190–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-022-00418-z
Umeh, K., & Omari-Asor, L. (2011). Emotional vulnerability and coping styles for resolving decisional conflict. The Journal of Psychology, 145(4), 297–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2011.565381
Van Der Berg, G., & Van Der Berg, G. (2023). The Psychological and Emotional Aspects of Living with Andropause. Retrieved from https://tinyurl.com/mvfexecv
Versele, V., Debekker, P., Stok, F. M., Aerenhouts, D., Clarys, P., Deforche, B., D’Hondt, E., Devlieger, R., Bogaerts, A., & Deliens, T. (2021). Relative Importance of Determinants of Changes in Eating Behavior during the Transition to Parenthood: Priorities for Future Research and Interventions. Nutrients, 13(7), 2429. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072429
Vitale, E. M., & Smith, A. S. (2022). Neurobiology of Loneliness, Isolation, and Loss: Integrating human and animal perspectives. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.846315
Waetjen, L. E., Crawford, S. L., Chang, P., Reed, B. D., Hess, R., Avis, N. E., Harlow, S. D., Greendale, G. A., Dugan, S. A., & Gold, E. B. (2018). Factors associated with developing vaginal dryness symptoms in women transitioning through menopause: a longitudinal study. Menopause the Journal of the North American Menopause Society, 25(10), 1094–1104. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0000000000001130
Walker, J. S., & Barnes, S. B. (1998). Dizziness. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, 16(4), 845–875. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(05)70036-5 Weng, N., & Pawelec, G. (2019). Research on immunity and ageing comes of age. Immunity & Ageing, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12979-019-0148-9
Wing, R. R., Matthews, K. A., Kuller, L. H., Meilahn, E. N., & Plantinga, P. L. (1991). Weight gain at the time of menopause. Archives of Internal Medicine, 151(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1991.00400010111016
Worthen, M., & Cash, E. (2023, August 14). Stress management. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513300/
Zito, S., Nosari, G., Pigoni, A., Moltrasio, C., & Delvecchio, G. (2023). Association between testosterone levels and mood disorders: A minireview. Journal of Affective Disorders, 330, 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.108
Zubiri-Esnaola, H., Vidu, A., Rios-Gonzalez, O., & Morla-Folch, T. (2020). Inclusivity, participation and collaboration: Learning in interactive groups. Educational Research, 62(2), 162–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2020.1755605
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
